Colloidosomes, pioneering microcapsules composed of coagulated colloidal particles assembled at the interface of emulsion droplets, have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable properties and potential applications in targeted and controlled drug delivery. Their unique core-shell architecture offers unparalleled advantages, including tunable permeability, mechanical strength and encapsulation capabilities for a wide range of therapeutic agents. These versatile carriers have demonstrated remarkable potential in delivering small molecules, biomacromolecules, genetic materials and even living cells, addressing challenges associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Colloidosomes can be fabricated through various techniques, encompassing emulsion-based, nature-of-colloids-based and emerging methods such as microfluidics and 3D printing. Comprehensive characterization, employing techniques like electron microscopy, spectroscopy and rheology, is crucial for understanding their structural, physical and functional properties. Remarkable advancements have been achieved in developing stimuli-responsive, targeted and multi-functional colloidosomes, enabling precise spatiotemporal control, selective accumulation and integrated functionalities for theranostic applications. Despite their immense potential, challenges remain in scaling up production, ensuring long-term stability, navigating regulatory landscapes and facilitating clinical translation. Addressing these obstacles through collaborative efforts, advanced characterization and the integration of emerging technologies is paramount for unlocking the full potential of colloidosomes in revolutionizing drug delivery strategies and realizing personalized medicine.

Precision medicine is an approach to provide individualized treatment to the patient for a specific disease based on the genotypic, phenotypic and also psychological factors which in turn enhances the patient care to several folds. Apart from providing personalized treatment, it can also be used to accurately diagnose a disease state in a patient. Precision medicine can be employed to improve the health status of both individual patients and general population at high risk. However, several ethical considerations have to be looked upon while employing precision medicine at the same time it required more cutting-edge methodologies for the accurate execution of the same.

FDA has implemented 21 CFR 111 guidelines to regulate the production of dietary supplements that are sold in dosage forms. Creating an effective quality system demands both time and financial resources. However, the robust quality systems model of cGMP can offer the necessary controls to ensure acceptable quality. The current review focuses on the general quality system requirements of dietary supplements as per 21 CFR 111 regulations. The requirements mentioned in each subpart are discussed in the study. According to this study, a manufacturing firm can guarantee the consistency and quality of dietary supplements distributed to the USA by adhering to 21 CFR 111 regulations. A dietary supplement manufacturing company, therefore, has to comply with 21 CFR 111 and thus can be an FDA-approved plant. According to the findings of the study, a dietary supplement manufacturing firm can fulfill its commitment to quality by setting up a suitable quality system that can obtain the approval of the regulatory authorities to which it plans to export its products and thus can achieve customer satisfaction.

In the realm of healthcare, Central Nervous System disorders pose a formidable challenge, affecting countless lives globally. Conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and traumatic brain injuries exact a heavy toll. However, a glimmer of hope arises from the world of nanotechnology in the shape of Selenium Nanoparticles. Selenium, a trace element, is known for its antioxidant properties, but Selenium Nanoparticles take it a step further, offering enhanced antioxidant capabilities, better absorption and the ability to deliver therapeutic agents precisely where they’re needed in the brain. Oxidative stress, a major player in many Central Nervous System disorders, faces a formidable adversary in Selenium Nanoparticles, potentially offering relief to those grappling with conditions characterized by oxidative damage. Selenium Nanoparticles also exhibit anti-inflammatory prowess, valuable for tackling neuroinflammation, a common feature in these disorders. Moreover, Selenium Nanoparticles pave the way for precision drug delivery within the brain, minimizing side effects while maximizing treatment efficiency. In summary, Selenium Nanoparticles represent a promising frontier in the ongoing battle against Central Nervous System disorders, offering a glimpse of innovative solutions that could alleviate the burdens of these complex neurological conditions.

Advancements in computational techniques have revolutionized the field of drug design, offering a powerful arsenal of tools collectively known as in silico methods. This review provides an overview of the diverse computational techniques employed in the in silico assisted drug design process. From molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models and artificial intelligence-based approaches, these methods play a pivotal role in expediting drug discovery and optimization. The utilization of molecular docking facilitates the prediction of ligand-receptor interactions, aiding in the identification of potential drug candidates. Molecular dynamics simulations contribute by unraveling the dynamic behavior of biomolecular complexes, offering insights into their stability and flexibility. QSAR models, relying on mathematical correlations between molecular descriptors and biological activities, enable the prediction of compound behaviors, guiding the optimization of lead compounds. The integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence further enhances drug design workflows. Deep learning algorithms, such as neural networks, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in predicting complex biological activities and uncovering hidden patterns within large datasets. High-throughput screening, coupled with in silico methodologies, allows for the rapid exploration of vast chemical spaces, accelerating the identification of promising drug candidates. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including the accurate representation of biological systems, the validation of computational predictions and the ethical implications of relying solely on in silico methods. This review critically evaluates the current state of computational techniques in silico assisted drug design, highlighting their strengths, limitations and potential future directions. The integration of computational techniques in drug design has significantly reshaped the landscape of pharmaceutical research. As these methods continue to evolve, bridging the gap between computational predictions and experimental validations, the synergy between in silico and in vitro approaches holds immense promise for the rapid and effective development of novel therapeutic agents.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, or TiO2 NPs, have shown potential in the fight against a range of diseases, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Doping metals with nanoparticles modify their size and magnetic characteristics by decreasing the energy band gap and mixing spins and electrical charges. Furthermore, it has been shown that owing to their higher surface-to-volume ratio and improved ability to interact with bacterial cells, smaller metal-doped nanoparticles have better antibacterial action. Due in large part to their production, TiO3-NPs have outstanding antifungal and antibacterial capabilities. The major mechanism of TiO3-NPs’ antibacterial activity is their potent oxidizing capacity, which produces superoxide and hydroxyl anion radicals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are just a few of the pathogens against which TiO2 NPs have been shown to have antibacterial ability. Review topics will include the most recent discoveries in the sectors of water treatment, agriculture and medicine as well as the synthesis of TiO3- nanoparticles and their antimicrobial actions. TiO2 NPs as antibacterial agents: prospects and challenges will also be highlighted in the review.

The indole moiety, a prevalent and versatile heterocyclic scaffold, plays a pivotal role in the realm of organic synthesis, underpinning the structural basis of myriad natural products, pharmaceuticals and advanced materials. This review comprehensively surveys the landscape of methodologies for indole synthesis, highlighting the evolution of techniques from classical to contemporary strategies. We investigate the Fischer Indole Synthesis, emphasizing its historical significance and mechanistic nuances and transition to discussing the Reissert Indole Synthesis, detailing its unique contributions to the synthesis of indole derivatives. Furthermore, the review explores advanced methodologies including metal-catalyzed reactions, C-H activation processes and green synthesis approaches, offering insights into their mechanisms, scope and limitations. Through this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of indole synthesis, furnishing researchers with a detailed understanding of its complex mechanisms and the broad utility of the indole moiety in synthesizing biologically active compounds. The synthesis methods reviewed not only underscore the chemical diversity and adaptability of indole chemistry but also highlight ongoing challenges and future directions in the synthesis and transformation of derivatives of indole. This comprehensive examination serves as a valuable resource for chemists seeking to harness the indole scaffold’s potential in novel synthetic applications.

Today’s drugs, not all usually soluble and easy to formulate drug actives, they might be potent drug molecules at their specific target, they can never become a successful therapy, or molecule, or product if they are not able to reach the target where they are active. So, what we are targeting in this for is making these molecules bioavailable. So, this is what we want to achieve and it can be done by the melt extrusion process. The key point of this review was to establish the relationship between a novel technology, solubility and the bioavailability profile through Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) in order to reshaping the Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) landscape for poorly soluble drugs. Tailoring the PK and PD with HME solid dosage form was shown to be affected by the physicochemical properties of the carrier matrix used. With the help of HME technology by dissolving these crystalline drug actives in a molten polymer matrix and pre-dissolved form and that makes it much more bioavailable and this enhanced the performance of such drug actives and in many cases. It is that what actively enables such molecules to at all become a drug product and a therapy. Compared to the traditional methods of developing drug products, HME is a key the gate to enhance in delivering the drug products to avoid patient compliance. A report says there are lots of developments in pharmaceutical APIs with poor solubility and improving their solubility is quite challenging. The effective formulation needs characteristics carriers and polymers that are suitable for the HME technology that has been discussed here. HME has been proven as an effective choice for the conventional ways of producing tablets, films, implants, etc. that can be administered orally, transdermal and transmucosal. This review paper adds knowledge of supercharging sluggish drugs by the use of HME and it can put the punch back in pharmaceutical industries and should use these recent developments to employ and develop cutting-edge drug delivery systems to avoid patient compliance.

Medication adherence has always been an integral aspect to achieve any healthcare benefit of pharmacological treatment. Although health care has evolved remarkably, the need for conducting studies on medication adherence has its own noteworthiness, for instance, in clinical settings, the incapability to accurately identify medication non-adherence can lead to unwarranted intensification of the treatment. Hence assessment of medication adherence and common non-adherence plays a pivotal role in improving adherence in the future by promoting employment of techniques that may be beneficial in overcoming and preventing the global issue of non-adherence. The literature search was done using the keywords as mentioned below in EBSCO; further on the snowball method was employed. There are two types of measuring medication adherence: direct and indirect. Direct measurement for quantification is utilitarian in establishing a YES/NO result rather than elaborating upon the causes of non-adherence. Indirect measurements are the ones which cannot be quantified accurately. There are numerous types of direct and indirect measurements. Non-adherence can be classified as direct, indirect, intentional and nonintentional. Various factors contribute towards non-adherence such as patient knowledge, doctor-patient relationship and unintentional drivers. Approaches to overcome non-adherence can be from healthcare professionals, patients, pharmaceutical companies or system-based. Socio-economic factors, system, therapy, patient, condition-related factors constitute barriers of medication adherence.

Exosomes are small nanovesicles that are produced through the fusion of multiple veins and plasma membranes, then escaping into adjacent body fluids. Considerable attention has been paid to them due to their potential as delivery vehicles for drugs. Exosomes play a key role in many physiological processes that occur both in healthy and ill states. The production of exosomes depends on the state of the disease, but the disease itself often serves the opposite function by promoting more cell damage and stress. Traditional drug delivery methods often face limitations in terms of specificity, targeted delivery and drug release kinetics. Exosomes have emerged as promising candidates for drug delivery due to their natural ability to selectively deliver cargoes to recipient cells. Exosomes are taken up through various mechanisms, including endocytosis and fusion with target cells. They can encapsulate poorly soluble drugs, enhancing their bioavailability and improving their therapeutic efficacy. Exosomes inspired Lipid Nanovesicles (Exo-LNVs) have shown promising results as drug delivery vehicles. Exosomes have considerable potential as sophisticated vehicle for the delivery of targeted drugs and genes due to their unique characteristics, including inherent stability, minimal immunity and exceptional ability to penetrate tissues and cells. Therapeutic interventions have the capacity to increase effectiveness, reduce side effects and increase patient compliance. Exosomes have the ability to transport various therapeutic by encapsulating different substrates such as nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules. Recent advancements in exosome-inspired lipid nanovesicles have opened up new possibilities for cell-specific drug delivery. These nanovesicles mimic the composition and structure of exosomes, which are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles released by cells. By incorporating therapeutic agents into the lipid nanovesicles, they can effectively target and deliver drugs to specific cells of interest. This review article aims to summarize the current literature on Exo-LNVs and discuss their potential as drug delivery vehicles. A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies and relevant data were extracted and analyzed. The review covers various aspects of Exo-LNVs, including their composition, preparation methods and applications in various disease conditions.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has spurred unprecedented research efforts worldwide. This comprehensive scientific review synthesizes key research developments and understandings, providing a nuanced exploration of the dynamic landscape of COVID-19. The virological section examines structural variations, viral replication mechanisms, immune responses and the impact of emerging variants of concern. Transmission dynamics are scrutinized, with a focus on airborne transmission, super-spreading events and the often elusive asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission phases. Clinical manifestations and severity are elucidated, exploring genetic factors, immunopathology and long-term sequelae. Advancements in diagnostics are discussed, highlighting molecular techniques, rapid antigen tests and serological assays, while therapeutic developments encompass antiviral agents, immunomodulatory treatments and the challenges in drug development. Vaccine research is scrutinized, with in-depth analyses of mRNA and vector-based vaccines, including efficacy against variants and distribution challenges. The socioeconomic impact section evaluates economic repercussions, health disparities and long-term societal changes. The review underscores the importance of ongoing research, emphasizing unanswered questions and knowledge gaps. Future research directions explore novel technologies and collaborative efforts for improved diagnostics, treatments and vaccines. In conclusion, this review provides a panoramic view of the current state of COVID-19 research, offering insights for future pandemic preparedness and global health strategies.

The core structure is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound i.e. Isoquinoline. Both the structures of Isoquinoline and quinoline contain a fused ring structure of benzene and pyridine. Isoquinoline, the pyridine counterpart, has a pKb of 8.6 and a pKa of 5.14, making it a weak basic. When it comes into contact with Lewis acids, such BF3, it protonates and becomes a salt. This process produces adducts. The liquid form of Isoquinoline is colorless, hygroscopic, and it has an unpleasant smell. Isoquinoline derivatives are a very significant group of natural and synthetic compounds which show various Pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-viral, antispasmodic and an enzyme inhibitor. Morphine and codeine are the most extensively characterized Isoquinoline alkaloids. They are made from either tyrosine or phenylalanine. Some of the Isoquinoline nucleus-containing drugs available in the market were Nelfinavir, Apomorphine, Quinapril, Praziquantel, Solifenacin, Papaverine, Metocurine, Tubocurarine. Isoquinoline alkaloids with anticancer properties may be therapeutically to target specific binding to nucleic acids, modulating polynucleic acid stability. These binds change the way that duplex B-form DNA interacts with proteins involved in DNA replication, repair, or transcription.

Hesperidin, a natural compound abundant in citrus fruits, shows promise in breast cancer management due to its safety and diverse mechanisms of action. This review explores hesperidin’s origin, chemical properties, and its ability to inhibit cell proliferation through various pathways. While hesperidin alone has limited efficacy against breast cancer, it demonstrates synergistic effects when combined with other compounds. Formulation strategies to enhance hesperidin’s efficacy include improving solubility, stability, and absorption for targeted delivery. Combisomes, liposomal delivery systems encapsulating hesperidin and anticancer compounds, offer a potentially efficacious and safe platform. They target cancer cells specifically, minimizing adverse effects on healthy cells. Hesperidin’s ability to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and modulate PD-L1 expression contributes to its anticancer effects. Combining hesperidin with other agents enhances its therapeutic potential. Overall, hesperidin emerges as a promising candidate for breast cancer treatment, with formulation enhancements and innovative delivery systems like combisomes offering significant advancements in therapeutic strategies. Further research into hesperidin’s efficacy and safety, especially in combination therapies, is warranted for its potential translation into clinical practice.

Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare and severe cutaneous adverse reaction characterized by the abrupt onset of widespread sterile pustules on an erythematous base. This is associated with medications, including antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin, and antibiotics such as beta-lactams and macrolides. This is a rare case where a macrolide antibiotic is reported to induce AGEP in an epileptic patient who was on phenytoin therapy. The patient, at the age of 25, was taking phenytoin for the past two years to subside epileptic symptoms. In this period, he has never reported any complications related to AGEP. Including macrolide antibiotics in his prescription aggravated the symptoms of AGEP within a few days. The primary course of action involved immediate withdrawal of both the drugs i.e. phenytoin and macrolide antibiotic, and symptomatic treatment.

Poorly soluble drugs are sources of concern in pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrotropes are compounds that enhance the solubility of insoluble materials in solvents. The hydrotropic solubilization concept is one of the most effective methods for avoiding the usage of organic solvents. The present research study used a hydrotropy strategy in order to enhance the solubility of felodipine implementing a mixed hydrotropic molecule. The experiment was carried out by assessing the medication’s solubility in combinations with hydrotropic agents. Sodium benzoate, nicotinamide, and sodium citrate were used at 10%w/v concentrations. Sodium benzoate and nicotinamide as a mixed hydrotropic agent increase the solubility of felodipine significantly in comparison with the other hydrotropic combination and its aqueous solubility. By using a solvent evaporation method, three formulas of felodipine mixed hydrotropic solid dispersions at different ratios were prepared. The drug content of prepared formulae has been established, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and dissolution studies. The achieved findings disclosed the solubility of felodipine increases synergistically by mixed hydrotropy six times in comparison with aqueous solubility of pure drug, F1(1:2) shows highest dissolution rate. FTIR results suggest no interaction between drug and hydrotropic agents. Reduced crystallinity was observed in XRD and SEM. The notion of mixed hydrotropic solid dispersion was demonstrated to be a cost-effective way for increasing the bioavailability of medications with low water solubility.