This review provides an extensive summary of the most current expansions on the therapeutic potential of ginger bioactive compounds in the context of cancer management. We delve into the individual components of ginger and their distinct anti-cancer properties, highlighting their diverse mechanisms of action, including the modulation of signalling pathways and cellular processes. Additionally, we explore the synergistic effects that ginger bioactive compounds exhibit when combined with conventional cancer treatments. Despite their promising potential, the review also addresses challenges and considerations in the practical application of these compounds in cancer therapy. This paper aims to synthesize current knowledge, offering insights into the multifaceted roles of ginger components in cancer treatment and paving the way for future research and therapeutic development. The findings underscore the promising role of ginger bioactive compounds as potential chemotherapeutic agents against cancer, offering insights into novel avenues for cancer treatment and therapeutic development.
Historically, there have been constraints on pediatric drug trials, resulting in an absence of authorized medicines for children and a significant reliance on off-label use. Pediatric drug development is critical to addressing the special issues of treating children and adolescents. The lack of authorized pediatric treatments has led to efforts to incentivize and compel pediatric medical research in the United States and Europe. The data collected from the FDA and the EMA databases from 2013 to 2023 were analyzed. Statistical analyses revealed trends and changes in exclusive interventions, and qualitative analyses examined research methodologies specific to pediatrics. Clinical trials play a vital role in closing the knowledge gap and improving pediatric treatment. Recent advancements in technology and research methodologies have helped improve pediatric healthcare and treatment.
Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication, facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Several drug delivery systems utilise carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers, Nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand, represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles commonly referred to as niosomes, have garnered significant attention within the pharmaceutical industry due to their remarkable capacity to versatility in encapsulation for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of these vesicles to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, making them a promising strategy for delivering various therapeutic agents such as gene materials, protein therapeutics, and chemical pharmaceuticals. This approach offers minimal toxicity and desirable targeting effectiveness. Niosomes has non-immunogenic properties and can be designed as a controlled release drug that payload slowly and steadily, reducing the risk of side effects and improving therapeutic efficacy. Niosomes are substantially more stable during the preparation and storage procedure than liposomes. Liposomes are generally less stable than niosomes due to their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and leakage of encapsulated materials. The desired pharmacokinetics property can be attained through the optimization of constituents or surface modifications. This novel method of distribution is also facile to establish and expand while maintaining cost-effective manufacturing expenses. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of niosomes as non-ionic surfactant vesicles, including their structure and components, as well as various formulation methods. Additionally, the article explores the diverse applications of niosomal in analgesics.
Pharmaceutical formulations, polymer-based nanofibers, which have higher surface area per unit mass of solid, enable and contribute to functions linked to surface shape. Nanofibers can be made using a number of different methods, but only electrospinning technology has been specifically focused on producing a wide variety of these common polymer-based nanofibers. The manufacturing potential of just this method is enormous. Electrospinning is also the most versatile, as it can produce a wide range of nanowire assemblies that, with the right tweaks, might improve the performance of goods made from Nanofibers. For these reasons, it is crucial and necessary to study the many factors and procedures that go into making the best possible nanofibers. Standard processes and tools may be used to examine nanofibers’ structure, morphology, and geometry, as well as their tensile and elongation characteristics. In this article, we take a look at the various ways in which polymer composite nanofibers can be used in tissue engineering, such as in tissue scaffolds and cutting-edge wound dressings for chronic wound therapy, in addition to their potential roles in drug delivery systems, in clothing protectors, and sensors. There are just a select few of these products that have been released so far, but more nano- and bio-sciences products are expected to hit the market shortly. Polymer-based nanofibers have emerged as a result of efforts to commercialize these applications. A variety of fields, including biology, nutrition, bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare, find this structured fiber useful.
This review article explores the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in cancer research. It focuses on the critical role of AI in medical imaging for cancer detection, exploring deep learning algorithms for image recognition and feature extraction. The study also examines the challenges and considerations in implementing AI for image analysis in cancer diagnosis. AI is also utilized for mining and analyzing large-scale omics data, such as genomics and proteomics. It is used to decipher complex genetic mutations and signaling pathways in cancer, integrating clinical and molecular data for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. The review also discusses AI applications in drug discovery, target identification and drug repurposing for cancer. AI-driven algorithms are used to predict drug responses and identify novel therapeutic targets, with case studies illustrating successful applications. The review evaluates the impact of AI on clinical decision-making and patient care, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in translating AI research into clinical practice. The review concludes with future directions and innovations, exploring emerging trends and potential advancements in AI-driven cancer research.
All patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a multifactorial illness, have decreased post-bronchodilator lung function. While it was once believed that hyperresponsiveness and acute bronchodilator reversibility were characteristics of asthma, it is now generally acknowledged that these clinical features also occur in COPD. The current review provides an overview of corticosteroids’ role in treating COPD signs. Both localized and systemic inflammations are key components of the pathophysiology of COPD. Inflammation occurs during an exacerbation and has been linked to a quicker course of COPD. Both systemic and local inflammations have been linked to COPD and using both Inhaled and Systemic Corticosteroids (ICS) has been found to be important when treating COPD. According to several current international documents on the management and therapy of COPD, patients at high risk of exacerbations-those with a Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) of a fifty percent probability of exacerbation or more than one exacerbation per year-should receive ICS in addition to long-acting bronchodilators as maintenance treatment. In summary, systemic corticosteroids are the gold standard for treating Acute Exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). Research has shown that using these drugs can improve lung function in the short term while reducing the likelihood of treatment failure, 30-day recurrence rates and length of hospital stay.
Agmatine, an endogenous amine with cationic properties, serves as a precursor for polyamine synthesis and has diverse pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. Its neuroprotective mechanisms include preventing brain edema, preserving blood-brain barrier integrity and modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, further clinical trials are needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety in neurological conditions. Agmatine has shown promising neuroprotective effects in various neurological disorders, such as ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical evidence supports its efficacy in improving neurological outcomes and cognitive function in patients with ischemic stroke, depression and mild cognitive impairment. This review explores the neuroprotective mechanisms of agmatine and its translational potential in neurological disorders, highlighting its multifaceted actions and potential synergies with existing treatments. The mechanisms underlying agmatine’s neuroprotective actions, its translational implications and potential synergies with existing treatments are discussed.
This thorough analysis of the article describes the therapeutic potential of herbal treatments, such as ginger, papaya, bamboo shoots, and Plectranthus species, in addressing the complex issues of oxidative stress, microbial infections, and cancer. Innovative and comprehensive approaches to disease management are desperately needed in light of rising cancer rates and the advent of microbial resistance to traditional treatments. While papaya leaves contain a multitude of bioactive constituents, such as papain, chymopapain, and flavonoids, with demonstrated anticancer and antimicrobial effects, bamboo shoots, rich in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Because of its bioactive ingredients, such as gingerol and shogaol, ginger, a popular culinary and medicinal herb, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. Meanwhile, Plectranthus species possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties linked to substances like carvacrol and thymol. The combination of these herbal substances exhibits synergistic effects that offer potential routes for targeting many disease pathways, such as immune response modulation, tumour growth suppression, and oxidative damage mitigation. To further understand their modes of action, adjust dosage schedules, and assess their efficacy and safety in clinical settings, more study is necessary. Herbal medicines have great promise for enhancing health outcomes and reducing the worldwide burden of cancer, microbial resistance, and oxidative stress. They provide a natural and possibly beneficial supplement to conventional treatments.
Background
Zebrafish have emerged as an invaluable asset in biomedical research, particularly in comparison to other vertebrate models employed for studying human ailments. Their efficacy in large-scale studies of genetic variations and drug testing has been well-established. Recent advancements in CRISPR and next-generation sequencing have further boosted zebrafish-based disease modeling, enhancing our comprehension of the biological underpinnings of hereditary human diseases. Such efforts are critical for developing targeted therapies that offer innovative diagnostic and treatment options.
Materials and Methods
We extensively examined original articles and papers from prominent databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, and PubMed Central. This analysis included a comprehensive review of the articles, their citations, and cross-references. To identify relevant articles, we employed a variety of keywords, including but not limited to: Zebrafish applications, toxicity studies involving Zebrafish, CRISPR technology applications in Zebrafish research, substances utilized in developmental biology studies with Zebrafish, and various models employed in Zebrafish research.
Results
In the medical field, zebrafish research has made strides in various areas, including developmental disorders, mental illnesses, and metabolic diseases. A growing trend involves studying an expanding spectrum of risk genes linked to neurological disorders using zebrafish as a model system. Zebrafish possess unique traits that make them an ideal choice for this purpose. For instance, their active partner growth of translucent embryos allows direct observation of the developing brain during early stages, providing valuable insights into developmental processes. Additionally, the large number of progenies zebrafish produce significantly enhances controllability, making them highly effective for therapeutic testing aimed at identifying specific molecular effectors of simple behavioral genetic traits.
Conclusion
The exceptional attributes of zebrafish make them a potent and versatile tool for medical research. Their contributions have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of human diseases and developing potential treatments. As a result, zebrafish continue to play a pivotal role in biomedical research, propelling progress in personalized medicine and the pursuit of improved treatments for a wide range of health conditions.
Objectives
This study aims to assess the potential antidiabetic properties of aqueous extracts derived from the peels of specific fruits, including A.squamosa, C. melo, A. deliciosa and M. pumila.
Materials and Methods
Male rats of the Wistar albino strain, weighing 180-200 g, were divided into 12 groups, with one group as the control. Diabetes was induced using alloxan, followed by treatment with fruit peel extracts and a polyherbal mixture. After a 28-day experimental window, the rats were euthanized and specimen pancreatic tissues and blood samples were analyzed.
Results
The findings indicated that blood glucose concentrations were substantially reduced by all selected extracts and the polyherbal mixture. Moreover, they demonstrated positive effects on serum lipid profiles, decreasing triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL, while increasing HDL levels and insulin concentrations. Notably, the polyherbal mixture and M. pumila (apple) peel extract exhibited robust anti-diabetic effects, even at lower doses, surpassing the other three extracts. Results were correlated strongly with histopathological analysis of pancreatic tissue.
Conclusion
This study highlights the considerable therapeutic potential of selected extracts of the fruit peels and their mixture in diabetes management. Their ability to mitigate pancreatic damage positions them as promising candidates for the development of potent antidiabetic agents.
Organometallic compounds are gaining prominence today as they are found to be potent anticancer agents due to their diverse chemical nature along with the metal with which they are chelated. In these organometallic compounds, many different hetero-organic compounds like Schiff bases, Indoles, Quinolines, Pyrroles are chelated with different metals. As these heterocyclic compounds are proven cytotoxic agents at a higher dose, their potency get enhanced by many fold by metal complexation. Schiff base derivatives are reportedly more powerful agents against tumours of different types, they are gaining prominence as antitumour agents. In this present study, different derivatives of Schiff bases are synthesized and chelated with Aluminium (Al) and characterised with IR, NMR, LCMS and also subjected to metal analysis by ICPMS. Later, these compounds were screened by in vitro analysis of their cytotoxic potentials against cancer cell lines by MCF method and are found to be potent cytotoxic agents. Among all, MC-2 and MC-3 are nearer to the cytotoxic range given by NIH. Hence, we anticipate that although all the synthesized organometal complexes are potential cytotoxic agents, however MC 1 and MC 5 are significantly good cytotoxic agents. However, further study is needed to justify this claim.
Background
The present work covers the preparation and investigation of Nanoemulsion (NE) based hydrogel i.e., Nanoemulgel (NEG) of an Antifungal drug Oxiconazole delivered topically.
Materials and Methods
High-speed homogenization was used to prepare the NE using Clove oil, Tween 80 and Propylene Glycol as oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Ternary phase diagrams are constructed to determine the quantity of ingredients used to formulate nanoemulsion. The prepared NEs were thus assessed for parameters such as pH, refractive index, electric conductivity, viscosity, spreadability, ploy dispersity index, Zeta potential etc., The NE possessing the best characteristics is optimized and converted into a Nanoemulgel (NEG) by distributing the NE into a suitable gel base such as Carbopol 934P and Guar gum. The gel base was prepared by distributing 2%, 3% and 4% of the gelling agent into water and kept aside overnight. The NEG’s formulated are thus evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, in vitro diffusion, ex vivo permeation studies and anti-fungal studies.
Results
FO1 made up of 2% Carboplol 934P released 97.38±0.64% of the drug in 12 hr is optimized as better formulation based on physico-chemical and drug release characteristics.
Introduction
Ethosomes are non-invasive drug delivery systems that enable drugs to enter the bloodstream or deep layers of the skin and these are phospholipid-based elastic Nano vesicles with a high ethanol concentration (20-45%). In vesicular systems, ethanol is a well-known permeability enhancer that has been utilized to produce elastic Nano vesicles. Quercetin (QT) is one of the most prevalent polyphenolic flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables, and it has several biological and health-promoting effects in a variety of disorders. The current study sought to formulate ethosomal gel and hydrogel as topical drug delivery.
Materials and Methods
The ethosomes formulations were made by hot method using phospholipid and ethanol (20% to 40%) and then tested for particle size, PDI, percentage entrapment efficiency and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), in vitro drug release study, zeta potential, Then quercetin-loaded ethosomal gel and quercetin hydrogel were prepared and tested for pH, spreadability, viscosity, washability, drug content, visual observation, and extrudability.
Results and Discussion
FT-IR investigations demonstrated that there was no interaction between the medication and the excipients. Compared to regular hydrogel, the results suggested that ethosomal gel might be a useful transdermal delivery system for quercetin in the treatment of inflammation.
Aim/Background
Alcohol-induced liver necrosis requires effective treatment. This study tests Polyherbal Extract’s hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced liver necrosis in rats. The extract’s impact on inflammatory pathways, serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), bilirubin and histopathological changes are examined to determine mechanisms.
Materials and Methods
We tested Polyherbal Extract’s hepatoprotective effect in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury, which mimics human liver necrosis. To assess liver health, multiple Polyherbal Extract dosage groups were carefully established. In conventional and untreated groups, liver damage progression was monitored. Polyherbal Extract’s liver and immune effects were assessed by inflammatory pathways. Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALP showed hepatoprotection. The entire histology showed liver architecture changes. This integrated experimental design examines Polyherbal Extract’s potential hepatoprotective mechanisms in alcohol-induced liver necrosis using ethanol-induced liver damage, diverse treatment groups, phytochemical analysis, toxicity assessment and parameter measurements.
Results
This study found Polyherbal Extract’s hepatoprotective effects promising. Its therapeutic potential was confirmed by phytochemical analysis. The acute toxicity study confirmed the extract’s safety at specified dosages, supporting its therapeutic use. In liver function, Polyherbal Extract was effective. Compared to toxins, treated groups had significantly lower AST, ALT and ALP levels. Bilirubin levels decreased dose-dependently, indicating the extract’s liver health benefits. Histopathological findings were useful at higher extract doses. Hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration decreased in treated groups, suggesting the extract may reduce liver tissue structural damage.
Conclusion
The Polyherbal Extract demonstrated promising hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced liver necrosis in the rat model. The reduction in liver enzymes, bilirubin levels and histopathological improvements, along with its safety profile, suggest its potential as an effective hepatoprotective agent. Further investigations into its mechanisms and clinical applications are warranted.
Background
Resistance to insecticides is one of the major problems in successfully controlling of mosquito-borne diseases. The present study explores the role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) and their mutation in the development of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquito.
Materials and Methods
Homology protein modelling of wild-type and mutated VGSC protein was performed using the Swiss-Model server. Model proteins were analyzed using different bioinformatic tools, such as Procheck, Anolea, Errat, to study the overall quality. The binding affinity of insecticide permethrin with VGSC was analyzed using Autodock Tools software.
Results and Discussion
The study observed that the model proteins have slight structural deviation between wild-type and mutant proteins. Model proteins docked with permethrin insecticide showed a higher binding affinity with wild-type than mutant channel protein. The present studies suggest that the point mutation in codon 1014 (Leucine→Cysteine) affects the complex stability, plausibly resisting the effect of the insecticide permethrin.
Conclusion
The present study proposes the molecular interaction of permethrin with the ion channel leading to the development of insecticide resistance capacity in mosquito vectors.
Background
Ayurveda, an ancient holistic health system, underscores personalized well-being through tailored approaches to health and disease. The post Vamana-Virechana procedures are vital in Ayurvedic detox, promoting balance and toxin elimination. Peyadi Samsarjana Krama (dietary regimen), a recognized Ayurvedic formulation, shows promise in supporting post Vamana-Virechana (post emesis and purgation therapies). However, the use of standardized serving sizes is still an area requiring exploration and research.
Aim and Objectives
To establish a uniform serving size for Peyadi Samsarjana Krama based on deha pramana (body frame) and agni bala (digestive capacity). To assess the impact of the standardized serving size compared to the conventional serving size of Peyadi Samsarjana Krama.
Materials and Methods
The study, conducted at KLE Ayurveda Hospital and Medical Research Centre in Karnataka, included 240 individuals undergoing Vamana/Virechana with Madhyama Shudhi. Using computer-generated randomization, subjects were divided into two groups: the control group (Group 1) received the regular serving of Samsarjana krama and the study group (Group 2) received the standardized serving, each group comprising 120 subjects.
Results
In both groups, subjective parameters such as headache, hunger, giddiness and lethargy were assessed. In Group 1, 58% experienced headaches on the first day morning, while in Group 2, 93-96% were headache-free at both times. Lethargy was present in 47.9% in Group 1 on day 5 evening, while Group 2 had 73.6% to 96.7% without lethargy on all 5 days. Statistically significant results were obtained. FBS and RBS levels were higher (B=1.44) in the Standardized Serving Size, significantly so (B=4.37, p <0.05) compared to the regular serving size.
Conclusion
The study group (Group 2), which received the standardized serving of Samsarjana Krama, demonstrated greater effectiveness and better tolerance compared to the control group (Group 1).
Background
This study aimed to develop an efficient drug delivery system targeting the colon to treat inflammatory conditions using mesalamine. The approach involved formulating microsponges with Eudragit polymers, focusing on assessing the in vitro drug release patterns.
Materials and Methods
The quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method was employed using various Eudragit polymers (S100, L100, RS100 and RL100). Critical parameters, such as entrapment efficiency, particle size and drug release, were systematically examined. Different kinetic models have been used to understand the mechanism of drug release.
Results and Discussion
The developed microsponges met the desired entrapment efficiency and particle size standards. Drug release from these formulations exhibited a diffusion-based pattern aligned with a zero-order kinetic model. Initial 1-2 hr showed minimal drug release (2-1%), whereas a significant release (92-95%) occurred within 24 hr for formulations F1 and F2. This release behaviour suggests the potential of sustained and pH-dependent drug delivery applications.
Conclusion
This study contributes to the field by successfully designing a colon-targeted drug delivery system for mesalamines. Using Eudragit polymers and incorporating microsponges showed the potential for sustained drug release, emphasizing their applicability for treating inflammatory colon conditions. This study provides a foundation for future drug-delivery systems targeting specific gastrointestinal regions.
Background
This study’s objective was to create and assess diacerein-loaded microsponges incorporated into a topical gel formulation for enhanced skin delivery. Diacerein is a potent anti-inflammatory agent used in the management of various dermatological conditions, including osteoarthritis and psoriasis.
Materials and Methods
The optimized diacerein-loaded Additionally, a gel basis was enhanced using microsponges and the resulting topical. The gel’s pH, viscosity, spreadability and homogeneity of drug content were assessed and skin permeation studies. The topical gel’s pH was changed to make sure compatibility with the skin pH for enhanced drug delivery. The prepared diacerein-loaded microsponges incorporated into a topical gel formulation showed promising characteristics for enhanced skin delivery.
Results
Evaluation parameters like viscosity, drug content, spreadability for all the prepared formulations were assessed. Formulation F2 and F4 shows the most optimized result from all the six formulations.
Conclusion
The sustained release pattern achieved through the microsponges technology offers the potential for prolonged therapeutic effects and improved patient outcomes in the treatment of dermatological conditions.
Background
Topical alpha agonists approved by the FDA are used to treat rosacea. Because of its potent vasoconstrictor properties, brimonidine tartrate topical gel (0.33%) efficiently reduces erythema. The aim of this investigation was to develop and optimize a hydrogel containing brimonidine for topical application.
Materials and Methods
Different gelling agents were used in variable amounts to generate gel formulations loaded with brimonidine tartrate. Following the evaluation of the preliminary batches, the One Factor at a Time (OFAT) design was used for optimization. An optimized batch of Gel was evaluated for pH, washability, homogeneity, viscosity, %Drug release and skin irritation study.
Results and Discussion
Among the diverse polymers considered, the obtained results highlight Carbopol 934 was chosen for its stability, gel strength and consistent drug content in the dispersion medium. An optimization study revealed that the concentration of Carbopol 934 played a crucial role in formulation development, viscosity and in vitro drug release.
Conclusion
Carbopol was chosen as a gelling agent for optimisation based on the preliminary investigation. The optimized batch exhibited desirable characteristics in terms of both drug release and viscosity. Further, the evaluation of the prepared gel confirmed the desirable properties. Additionally, a skin irritation study confirmed the suitability of the application of the gel.
Background
Bio formation of the silver nanoparticles are eco-friendly, low cost, within short period could synthesised and widespread significances also performances.
Objectives
Seldom, the creation of extra-cellular silver nanoparticles utilizing young aqueous leaves extract of Andrographis beddomei as a sinking mediator is described here for the first time. But there is no work has not been reported previously using bio nano synthesis and its applications.
Materials and Methods
The bio formatted silver nanoparticles were synthesised by using Andrographis beddomei young leaves extract. The bio synthesised nanoparticles were characterized by following the UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM are accustomed understand size, shape and appearance of the silver nanoparticles. Particles are crystalline in nature, according to energy dispersive X-ray analysis and XRD investigations. An investigation using FTIR spectroscopy confirms the nanoparticles’ surface is roofed in bio-moieties.
Results
The bio formations of the Ag Nps were rapidly i.e., 20 min has occupied time at room temperature. These were followed the characterization values. Where the TEM confirms the sizes from 20 to 30nm Ag Nps. These were further used for the anti-fungal, antibacterial anticay.
Conclusion
Our research has demonstrated that the bio functionalized silver nanoparticles that resulted from this process have excellent antimicrobial properties. Given the ease of use and eco-friendliness of the synthetic process, high-volume production of these nanoparticles could be explored for use in a variety of pharmaceutical solicitations.
Objectives
A simple and sensitive analytical method was developed to quantify the vericiguat in tablet formulation.
Materials and Methods
The analyte was separated on a Kromacil C column (250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm particle size) using a mobile phase of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate pH 2.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile (50:50% v/v) pumped at 1.0 mL/min. Detection of the effluent was done using a UV detector at a wavelength of 252 nm.
Results
The retention time for vericiguat was 4.42 min. The drug showed linearity within the concentration range of 30-70 μg/mL. The accuracy of the method was considered satisfactory and the mean recovery percentage in the acceptable range of 99.92-100.61%.
Conclusion
The RP-HPLC method was successfully developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The AGREE software was used to assess the environmental friendliness score of the proposed method, which was determined to be 0.79. The proposed method was simple, precise, sensitive, rapid, and robust for estimating vericiguat in tablets.
Background
The primary objective of this study is to pioneer a novel UV spectrophotometric method, designed with simplicity and high sensitivity to accurately measure both Rutin and Curcumin simultaneously. Rutin has a therapeutic impact on treating chronic venous insufficiency and Curcumin’s pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperpigmentation, etc. An effort has been made to quantify Rutin and Curcumin in bulk powder form within a topical formulation to treat Stasis dermatitis.
Purpose
To develop and validate a simple, accurate, reliable, sensitive and robust UV spectrophotometer technique for the simultaneous measurement of rutin and curcumin in accordance with ICH Guidelines.
Materials and Methods
To estimate Rutin and Curcumin simultaneously, a simple double-beam UV spectrophotometer method was developed. Methanol was used as the solvent to create the ideal conditions for the drug’s analysis.
Results
The optimal absorption wavelengths were identified at 257 nm for Rutin and 422 nm for Curcumin, representing their respective maximum absorbance peaks. The method showed a linear response over the concentration ranges of 4-20 μg/mL for Rutin and 1-5 μg/mL for Curcumin. Both analytes demonstrated a linear regression coefficient of 0.991, indicating a strong correlation between concentration and absorbance. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, including various parameters such as Linearity, Precision, Repeatability, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ), Robustness, and Ruggedness. All validation results fell within the acceptance criteria, affirming the reliability and suitability of the method for quantitative analysis of Rutin and Curcumin. Thus, the study concludes that the developed method is novel, simple, selective, specific and precise for the simultaneous determination of Rutin and Curcumin in bulk powder samples.
Conclusion
The method demonstrates selectivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness, facilitating its utility for the routine assessment of Rutin and Curcumin in both bulk substances and pharmaceutical formulations.
Background
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapy drug commonly used in the treatment of colon cancer. There is a significant drive to mitigate the limitations of 5-fluorouracil while maintaining its therapeutic potency by exploring the potential of using natural products such as curcumin in conjunction with 5-FU. Thus, the present study investigates the in vitro pharmacodynamic interaction between 5-FU and curcumin using the Chou-Talalay method in HT29 cell lines.
Materials and Methods
Initially, the estimation of half-maximal concentration of the medications against HCT116 and HT29 cell lines was performed by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Later, the combination effect was studied in HT29 cell lines by constant ratio experiment design.
Results and Discussion
The research findings revealed that the 5-FU and curcumin exhibit dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity in HCT116 and HT29 cells. Moreover, it was observed that HT29 cell lines are less sensitive to 5-FU than HCT116 cell lines, rather than curcumin was found to inhibit cell proliferation in both cell lines with no significant statistical difference (p <0.05). The Combination Index (CI) values of less than 1 for all the combined experimental ratios indicated the synergistic effect of the two compounds. The generated Dose Reduction Index (DRI) values for the combination imply for the favourable dose reduction in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Conclusion
Significantly, the study indicates that 40:1 ratio of 5-FU to curcumin might represent an ideal proportion for co-administration using an appropriate delivery system.
Background
Tyrosinase is an enzyme involved in the production of L-DOPA. To look for novel tyrosinase inhibitors, we investigated the non-protein fraction from the sericin extract of the silk cocoon shell of Antheraea proylei J. for its ability to inhibit tyrosinase.
Materials and Methods
The non-protein fraction was subjected to GC-MS studies. The compounds identified from the GC-MS study were screened in silico for their ability to bind to tyrosinase enzyme. In vitro tyrosinase inhibitory assay of the non-protein extract was also studied.
Results and Discussion
Our results showed that the component, 1,3-bis(cinnamoyloxymethyl)adamantine showed stable binding with the tyrosinase enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulation of the complex of 1,3-bis(cinnamoyloxymethyl)adamantine and tyrosinase showed steady root mean square deviation values, Radius of gyration, root mean square fluctuation and solvent accessible surface area. Hydrogen bonding and van der Wals interaction were present between the ligand and the enzyme. In vitro tyrosinase assay showed that our extract had tyrosinase inhibitory effects.
Conclusion
The non-protein fraction from the sericin extract of Antheraea proylei J. can be further studied for their feasibility as a commercially available tyrosinase inhibitor.
Background
Lung cancer is the most reported cancer worldwide and therapeutic resistance poses a major challenge. This in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation study was carried out to evaluate the binding affinity and stability of molecular interactions between the phytochemical Matairesinol and the molecular targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) which are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of therapeutic resistance, thereby exploring its potential anticancer activity in NSCLC.
Materials and Methods
The three-dimensional structure of Matairesinol was obtained from the PubChem database. The three-dimensional protein structures of target proteins were obtained from Protein Data Bank. DOCK6 software package was used for the preparation of ligands and proteins. For the molecular dynamics study, the OPLS-2005 force field implemented in Desmond routine of Schrödinger software suite was used and the study was performed till 100 ns. Binding free energy (MM/ GBSA), Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) values of all complexes were determined. Principal component analysis and Detailed Cross-Correlation Maps were carried out.
Results and Discussion
Matairesinol showed good binding energies and docking scores with all the targets tested in this study with relatively stable molecular interactions, with the highest affinity shown towards ALK. The interactions with EGFR wild type, KRAS G12C mutant protein, VEGFR2, C-MET and ALK were especially of high stability.
Conclusion
The results of this study reveal the potential anti-cancer activity of Matairesinol in NSCLC with the possible added benefit of treating therapeutic resistance. Further studies are required to fully evaluate the target profile of Matairesinol in NSCLC and its therapeutic efficacy.
Background
Diabetic mellitus is the oldest and most commonly occurring disease known as a life-threatening disease in all age groups from the past 3000 years ago, which is taking away the liveliness from the persons and shortening their lives based on the prevalence.
Materials and Methods
The present research work is to enhance the solubility and dissolution of gliclazide by preparing stable solid dispersions with Polaxomer-188, Polaxomer-407, Cremophor-RH-40, Solutol-HS-15 as solubilizing agents to formulating gliclazide fast-dissolving tablets. Solid dispersions were prepared by physical mixture, solvent evaporation and melting technique with the drug to carrier ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 w/w respectively. Prepared formulations were evaluated by FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM and in vitro dissolution performance.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the solubility has increased 43.29 folds with enhancement in solubility of prepared solid dispersion formulations when compared to gliclazide drug. FTIR studies showed the retainment of a few individual characteristics group peaks in the drug structure. XRD pattern and DSC thermograms showed a significant change in crystallinity to amorphous of gliclazide. From the study, poloxamer-407 was indicated as the suitable carrier and melting technique as a suitable method for enhancement of solubility and dissolution of gliclazide. Optimized solid dispersion was further prepared into fast-dissolving tablets and was evaluated for pre and post-compression studies.
Conclusion
From the obtained data, it was concluded that Polaxomer-407 can be used as the solubilizing agent with low concentration in the preparation of fast-dissolving tablets.
Background
This study presents a comprehensive study on applying the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Q1A R2 guideline for conducting stability tests on new drug substances and products.
Materials and Methods
This study focused on the stability of multivitamin syrup under specific storage conditions, following ICH guidelines. The syrup was subjected to various tests, including pH measurement, weight per mL determination, microbial limit testing and assay analysis. Along with OOS, OOT and root cause analysis.
Results
Showed that the syrup maintained its yellow color, met pH specifications and had the appropriate weight per mL. Microbial limit tests revealed no presence of harmful bacteria and assay analysis confirmed the purity and quantity of the components in the syrup. A survey on tablet preparations also demonstrated stability and quality.
Conclusion
Overall, the stability studies indicated that the multivitamin syrup met all specifications and was considered stable. These findings contribute to ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the product throughout its shelf life.
Background
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a rapidly advancing technology in the life sciences sector. Several countries, including the USA, Canada and Singapore, have established regulations for 3D printing of pharmaceutical products. The growing demand for personalized medical devices presents a significant challenge to traditional manufacturing methods.
Materials and Methods
This study aims to provide a concise overview of the introduction, history and evolution of 3D printers, their development process and their role and guidelines and focus is on exploring regulatory parameters related to 3D printing in the United States, Canada and Singapore. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued guidance outlining its initial considerations for technical aspects specific to devices using additive manufacturing. The regulatory landscape of 3D-printed medical devices and biologics in the United States is discussed, emphasizing key challenges and considerations.
Results and Discussion
A comparative analysis in Selected counties was conducted across various aspects, including user needs, design input, performance requirements, design processes, functional requirements, design output, verification and validation, bio-printing regulatory perspectives, standardization and certification.
Conclusion
As additive manufacturing technology advances, 3D bio-printing has emerged as an efficient tool for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, integrating computer-aided manufacturing into healthcare delivery. The applications of 3D printing in the healthcare field extend to creating and implementing patient-specific solutions.
Background
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia globally and its frequency increases as the world’s population ages. AD is one of the largest healthcare issues of the 21st century as the primary cause of dementia and neurodegenerative illnesses. An acquired loss of cognitive function across many cognitive areas is referred to as dementia. The animal studies conducted in this research article to determine whether chemical compounds cause AD may be useful in understanding the disease’s mechanism and treatment options.
Objectives
The current study assessed the effectiveness of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulinaplatensis and ethanolic extract of Clerodendreme inerme against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s in mice. Since Clerodendreme inerme and C-PC are rich in active chemical constituents, they function as beneficial antioxidants. These constituents include saponins, oil, fat, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, amino acids, proteins and carbs. Thus, an assessment of the anti-Alzheimer properties of the ethanolic extract from Clerodendreme inerme and C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis was conducted.
Materials and Methods
The study was designed to evaluate prophylactic effect of Spirulinaplatensis and Clerodendreme inerme against Scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s in mice. Piracetam (200 mg/kg) was used as a standard. The extracts from the plant and leaves of Spirulinaplatensis and Clerodendreme inerme were screened for anti-alzheimer potential in scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s in mice by administering 0.4 mg/kg b.w/day i.p. as test dose.Behavioral Assessments as well as serum levels of AchE, in vitro and Bio-chemical parameters were assessed.
Results
Treated with ethanolic extracts of Clerodendreme inerme, C-PC of Spirulina platensis, it demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in escape latency time and an increase in time spent in the target quadrant. Clerodendreme inerme and C-PC of Spirulina platensis both reduce the escape latency time and transfer latency time in EPM in a dose-dependent manner. AD rodents treated with ethanolic extracts of Clerodendreme inerme, C-PC of Spirulina platensis demonstrated a dose-dependent rise in percentage change in the Y maze test. Apart from behavioral assessments, extracts from ethanolic extract of Clerodendreme inerme, SP demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in AchE level, since the loss of ACh resulting from AChE’s hydrolytic action causes cognitive impairment. AD rodents that were pretreated with ethanolic extract of Clerodendreme inerme, SP there is an increase in catalase and lipid peroxidation.
Conclusion
The study concludes that Spirulina platensis and Clerodendreme inerme extracts have a significant anti-Alzheimer activity. This is likely because the extracts contain a variety of nutrients, including saponins, oil, fat, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, amino acids, steroids, proteins and carbs.
Background
Nebivolol hydrochloride (NBV) is a highly selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist belonging to the third generation of beta-blockers. It is primarily utilized in the management of cardiovascular conditions. Since NBV is marketed in the tablet dosage form, ensuring its quality control and evaluation is important.
Objectives
Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) is a novel tool for the optimization of chromatographic methods. The present study explores the AQbD approach for optimization of RP-HPLC method for analysis of Nebivolol (NBV).
Materials and Methods
In method development, Box-Behnken Design was used wherein mobile phase, wavelength and flow rate were considered as independent variables while retention time, peak area and tailing factor were responses. The optimized set of parameters was a mobile phase (MeOH:0.1% aqueous acetic acid in 71:29%v/v), flow rate of (0.8 mL/min) and wavelength (282 nm).
Results and Discussion
The method was found to be linear in a concentration range of 10 to 50 μg/mL with regression value (r
Conclusion
The optimized and validated RP-HPLC method, for NBV analysis, is robust and precise, making it suitable for routine use in pharmaceutical analysis.
Background
Miconazole nitrate, a BCS class II drug which is used for treatment of fungal infections. To minimize the disadvantages of sticky creams and ointments and their tendency to rub off, an intelligent dosage regimen needs to be designed as a film-forming spray formulation. The aim of this investigation was to develop a film-forming spray formulation containing 0.5% Miconazole nitrate for the treatment of fungal infections on the skin.
Materials and Methods
The Miconazole nitrate film-forming spray formulation was prepared using different concentrations of Eudragit RL-100, Ethylcellulose, Camphor and Menthol crystals (Eutectic mixture), Polyethene glycol 400 and Ethanol by simple solvent dissolving method using a statistical tool, 23 full factorial design to optimize the film forming spray formulation. The film-forming spray underwent thorough testing to evaluate its formulation characteristics, including pH, viscosity, evaporation time, density, drug release and container-related factors such as spray angle, spray diameter and amount of spray solutions released per actuation at valve assembly. To carry out an antifungal activity test on an optimized spray formulation and compare it with a commercially available cream.
Results and Discussion
From the study, the ethyl cellulose concentration has a greater influence on the viscosity and density, 45 cps and 0.8472 g/mL of the spray formulation respectively. Eudragit RL-100 and the eutectic mixture have a higher impact on the drug release 92.44% at 8 hr in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.
Conclusion
The topical treatment of fungal infections proved to be suitable for the Miconazole nitrate film-forming spray formulation. Longer, continuous medication administration is facilitated by the skin’s longer retention period. The medication exhibits good antifungal effectiveness in preventing fungal infections, according to antifungal investigations. The Miconazole nitrate film-forming spray is a considerably better alternative to current dosage forms for treating topical fungal infections, as evidenced by its good stability, simplicity of administration and action.
Background
Gout is a chronic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints, resulting in sudden pain, stiffness, and swelling. Febuxostat (FBX), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is commonly used to treat gout but has poor solubility, which affects its bioavailability.
Materials and Methods
To address this issue, a skin-permeating emulgel was developed using Cinnamon (CN) oil as an oil solvent, cremophor RH 40 (Cr. RH 40) as a co-surfactant/solubilizer, and Poloxamer 407 as an emulsifier. A solubility study was performed followed by optimization by 32 factorial designs. The formulation was further evaluated for viscosity, globule size, drug release, and stability studies.
Results
Solubility of FBX was found 1 in 10 parts in selected oil. The optimized emulgel containing 10% Cremophor RH 40 and 20% Poloxamer 407 shown improved drug release compared to the pure drug. All other parameters were found satisfactory.
Conclusion
The formulated emulgel designed to penetrate the skin shown a good potential for topical formulations enhancing the effectiveness of drug. Moreover, creating a skin-permeating emulsion-based gel in a cost-effective and industrially viable manner could enhance drug penetration and absorption through the skin thereby faster cure of gout compared to the conventional product.
Background
The most popular and well-designed nano-carriers for drug delivery targeting are liposomes. In order to overcome barriers to cellular and tissue uptake and increase medication bio-distribution to target areas in vivo, they have improved medicines for a variety of biomedical applications.
Objectives
The diffusion method is used to release the medication from liposomes. The major goals of this medication delivery system were to increase contact resistance duration in the eye and bioavailability.
Materials and Methods
Liposomes were effectively produced by reverse phase evaporation technique and their shape, particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and content were examined. Liposomes were prepared by using drug, egg lecithin, chloroform, and diethyl ether.
Results
This dosage form bears considerable promise for drug release, according to in vitro experiments. As a result, the design of the liposomes revealed virtually spherical vesicles. Up to 88.9% and 92.1%, respectively, of the EE% and DC% were possible. Studies on medication release from liposomes in vitro demonstrate that an increase in lipid concentration delays drug release.
Conclusion
The drug is known as dorzolamide in accordance with the conclusions of the investigations stated above. The medicine is stable in all pH, it was found after the Preformulation experiment was over. The dorzolamide curve was calibrated in analytical experiments using phosphate buffers with pH values of 5.6, 7.4 and 6.8. As a result of the inquiry, it was established that the standard plot may be used in additional analytical studies. Liposome batches show that integration efficiency rose with increasing polymer content. The manufactured liposomes’ surface was examined using scanner electron microscopy.
Aim
Vildagliptin and Dapagliflozin in fixed-dose combination is used for treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. The key objective of the current research work is to develop a new stability-indicating UHPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Vildagliptin and Dapagliflozin in tablet dosage form as no such method is available.
Materials and Methods
A successful separation was achieved by using Agilent column C18 (4.6×100 mm) and mobile phase of Methanol: 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid (78:22) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL and detection wavelength of 234 nm. The forced degradation study was performed at extreme forced conditions such as hydrolysis with acid and base, peroxide oxidation and photolytic degradation, following ICH guidelines.
Results
The retention time for Vildagliptin and Dapagliflozin was 2.3 and 4.7 min respectively. The suggested approach yields linear responses for Vildagliptin and Dapagliflozin in the concentration of the 50-250 μg/mL and 5-25 μg/mL, respectively. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were found to be 1.04 μg/mL and 3.15 μg/mL for Vildagliptin and 0.24 μg/mL and 0.73 μg/mL for Dapagliflozin, respectively. In the exposed conditions, the drugs did not exhibit any significant degradation.
Conclusion
The UHPLC approach that was recommended proved to be highly sensitive, accurate, precise, robust and stability indicating. The method can be successfully adopted for the routine analysis for the simultaneous estimation of the Vildagliptin and Dapagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.
Background
Studies have indicated that atazanavir is prone to degradation in environments with high levels of acidity and oxidative stress. However, the drug demonstrated stability when exposed to basic, neutral, photolytic and thermal stresses. There were two Degradation Products (DPs) from the stress studies.
Materials and Methods
An assessment of Atazanavir sulphate (ATV) stability under various stress conditions were carried out using the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Q1A (R2) recommendations as a foundation for work. Pre-treated silica gel 60F254 plates were combined with ethyl acetate: methanol (9:1 (v/v)) mobile phase to create a chromatographic profile.
Results
An approach that combines high-resolution Mass Spectrometry (MS/TOF) with Infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used on a variety of stress-exposed substances to clarify functional moieties and extract mass spectral data. First, a thorough fragmentation pathway for the parent medication was mapped using the high-resolution mass spectral data, which was then applied to its degradation products. Each fragment was given a structural suggestion based on the most likely molecular formulas.
Conclusion
Based on this investigation, two new degradation products were found: methyl N-[(1S) -1-{[(2S,3S) -3-hydroxy -4-[(2S)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino] -3,3-dimethylbutanehydrazido] -1 -phenylbutan-2-yl] carbamoyl} -2,2-dimethylpropyl] carbamate and (2S,3S)-3-amino -4-phenyl-(1-(4-(pyridine-2-yl) benzyl)hydrazinyl)butan-2-ol.
Background
The side effect of Parkinsonism due to chlorpromazine emerged three years after its approval for public use, leading to the understanding that conventional anti-psychotics could induce various Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS). Drug-Induced Parkinsonism (DIP) generally surfaces within days to weeks, but rare instances present delayed onset.
Case Presentation
We present a case involving a 28-year-old male exhibiting drug-induced Parkinsonism triggered by a chlorpromazine-based regimen, three months following its initiation. Subsequent symptom relief was observed post-discontinuation.