With a history spanning thousands of years, herbal medicine-also referred to as botanical medicine or phytotherapy-is one of the oldest types of medicine. It entails using plants and plant extracts to keep people healthy and treat a variety of ailments. Many different civilizations around the world have evolved distinctive herbal medical systems. Examples of these include European herbalism, Native American herbal practices, Ayurveda from India and Traditional Chinese Medical (TCM).

The practice of herbal treatment dates back thousands of years. The ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians were the first to employ therapeutic herbs. Writings by Hippocrates and Galen in Greece, as well as the Ebers Papyrus from Egypt (c. 1550 BCE), attest to the use of plants in traditional medicine.

Herbal remedies have been utilized historically to address a diverse array of illnesses, ranging from minor ailments like colds and stomach problems to more serious situations including infections and long-term illnesses.^1–3 Every plant has several applications and can be made into teas, tinctures, extracts, powders and topical treatments, among other preparations.^4–6

Herbal medicine is used as a component of everyday life and spiritual rituals in many cultures, in addition to being a therapeutic tool. For example, in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), herbs are mixed to create custom formulae based on each person’s unique health requirements.^7–9 The goal is to balance the body’s life force, or Qi (Table 1).

The 21^st century has seen a paradigm shift in healthcare, moving from a one-size-fits-all approach to more personalized medical care. Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine, aims to tailor healthcare treatments to individual characteristics, such as genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment.

This approach considers the individual differences in genetics, environment and lifestyle.^29–31 More precise disease diagnosis, risk assessment and treatment plans are made possible by this method. Pharmacogenomics, for instance, is a branch of personalized medicine that focuses on how an individual’s genetic composition influences how they respond to medications, with the goal of developing safer and more effective pharmaceuticals.

There are Many Advantages to Personalized Healthcare, such as: Increased Treatment Efficacy: Physicians can recommend more likely-to-be-effective treatments by taking individual characteristics into account.^32–34

By customizing care, the risk of negative medication reactions is decreased.

Early intervention and preventative measures can be implemented by using personalized medicine to identify those who are at high risk of developing specific diseases.^35–38

The field of personalized medicine has greatly benefited from technological advancements such as big data analytics, artificial intelligence and genomic sequencing.^39,40 With the use of these technologies, enormous volumes of data may be analyzed to find trends and insights that guide personalized treatment regimens.

Through the use of a variety of data sources, including e-health platforms (HerbList, TCM Database, HerbMedPro, MyHerb), scientific databases (PubMed, SpringerLink) and mobile health applications (Herbpathy, MyHerb), this study examined the integration of e-health informatics and network pharmacology in personalized herbal therapies. The study methodology was centered on investigating the uses and advantages of e-health tools, comprehending the fundamentals of network pharmacology and developing strategies for utilizing genomic data to customize herbal remedies. Case studies of successful implementations, evaluation of technology tools and qualitative synthesis of information were all part of the data analysis process. Data privacy, the use of genomic data and striking a balance between conventional and new methods were among the ethical issues. By utilizing credible sources for cross-referencing, evidence-based data and expert consultations, validity and dependability were guaranteed. This all-encompassing method shed light on the revolutionary possibilities of merging network pharmacology and e-health informatics in herbal medicine.

In order to enhance healthcare administration and delivery, e-health informatics is an interdisciplinary field that brings together information technology, healthcare and telecommunications. It entails managing health information and services through electronic communication and processes. Electronic Health Records (EHRs), telemedicine, mobile health (mHealth) apps, health information systems and data analytics are important elements of e-health informatics.

Digital copies of paper patient charts that give authorized users access to real-time, patient-centered data.

The practice of providing clinical healthcare remotely by the use of telecommunications technologies, allowing for remote consultations and follow-ups.

The practice of providing healthcare and public health that is aided by portable electronics like tablets and smartphones, allowing for treatment adherence, health education and monitoring.

These are systems made to handle data related to healthcare, such as analytics, hospital administration and patient records.

The process of looking at health data to make inferences about treatment effectiveness, patient outcomes and health trends.

E-health technologies are increasingly being applied to the field of herbal medicine, enhancing its accessibility, effectiveness and integration with conventional healthcare practices. This integration encompasses several key areas:

Comprehensive digital repositories of herbal information, including plant species, active compounds, traditional uses and scientific evidence. These databases aid in research, education and clinical decision-making.^11–13

Telemedicine platforms enable practitioners of herbal medicine to conduct remote consultations, diagnose conditions and recommend personalized herbal treatments.^14,15 This expands access to herbal medicine, particularly for patients in remote or underserved areas.

Integrating herbal medicine information into EHRs ensures that all aspects of a patient’s treatment, including herbal therapies, are documented and accessible to healthcare providers.^9,10 This facilitates coordinated care and reduces the risk of adverse interactions between herbal and conventional treatments.

mHealth apps designed specifically for herbal medicine provide users with personalized herbal recommendations, dosage reminders and educational content. These apps often include features for tracking symptoms and treatment progress.

E-commerce platforms for herbal products, offering detailed product information, customer reviews and purchasing options, thereby increasing the availability and transparency of herbal remedies.^16–19

The incorporation of e-health informatics into herbal medicine offers several significant benefits, enhancing the overall quality and effectiveness of herbal therapies:

In order to comprehend the intricate relationships that exist between pharmaceuticals and biological systems, a new area called network pharmacology combines systems biology, computational biology and pharmacology.^20–22 Several targets, pathways and the comprehensive effects of medications on the body are taken into account in network pharmacology, as opposed to traditional pharmacology, which frequently concentrates on single drug-target interactions. The study of herbal medicine, which frequently incorporates multi-component and multi-target therapies, is especially well-suited to this methodology (Table 2).

According to network pharmacology, biological systems are made up of interconnected networks of substances including proteins, metabolites, genes and pathways.^23–25

It recognizes the involvement of several biological targets in many diseases, particularly complicated ones like diabetes and cancer. Many times, simultaneous modulation of multiple targets is necessary for effective treatment.

To simulate and evaluate biological networks and forecast the effects of medications, the area mostly relies on mathematical models and computer techniques.^26,27

Network pharmacology seeks to comprehend the wider effects of medicines on general health and disease states by taking into account the interactions between diverse biological components.

Network pharmacology naturally aligns with the complex mixes of bioactive substances found in herbal medicine. This subject offers the means to unravel the complex mechanisms by which herbal medicines work their therapeutic magic.

Interpreting Complicated Interactions: Network pharmacology facilitates the delineation of the intricate relationships that exist between the many active constituents found in herbs and their diverse biological targets. This may demonstrate synergistic effects, in which several chemical combinations cooperate to improve therapeutic results.²⁸
Determining Bioactive Compounds: Researchers can determine which constituents in an herbal mixture is most likely to be successful against particular disease targets by using network analysis and computational modeling.^23–28
Mechanistic Insights: It clarifies how herbal components affect various pathways and biological processes by offering insights into their mechanisms of action. This knowledge can increase the safety and effectiveness of herbal remedies.
Drug Development and Discovery: By forecasting potential therapeutic effects and interactions with biological networks, network pharmacology helps uncover new drug candidates from natural sources.
Optimizing Herbal Formulations: Herbal formulations can be made for optimal efficacy and lowest adverse effects by knowing the network-level effects of herbal constituents.

Customizing herbal remedies to fit each person’s distinct needs is known as personalized herbal therapy. In order to enhance therapy outcomes, this strategy takes into account a number of aspects, including genetic makeup, lifestyle, health state and personal preferences (Table 4).

Patient profiling: A thorough evaluation of the patient’s health that takes into account their lifestyle, food, medical history and environmental influences. Finding the best herbs and formulas is made easier with the use of this knowledge.
Biomarker analysis: Making decisions about herbal treatments based on biomarkers, which are quantifiable indicators of biological processes or disorders. Genetic markers, blood tests and other physiological assessments are examples of biomarkers.
Herbal Formula Adjustments: Tailoring conventional herbal formulae to meet the demands of specific individuals. To address specific health conditions, this may entail varying dosages, mixing various herbs, or choosing particular extracts.

Using digital health instruments, a patient’s reaction to herbal remedies is continuously monitored. The therapeutic plan can be modified in real time with the assistance of monitoring feedback.

Genomics, the study of an individual’s genes and their functions, plays a crucial role in personalizing herbal therapies. By understanding genetic variations, practitioners can predict how different individuals will respond to specific herbs and tailor treatments accordingly.

This field studies how genetic differences affect an individual’s response to drugs and herbal compounds. Variations in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters and drug targets can influence the efficacy and safety of herbal treatments (Table 3).

Analyzing the genetic profiles of medicinal plants to identify active compounds and understand their interactions with human genes. This knowledge helps in selecting the most effective herbal products for specific genetic profiles.

Integrating genomic data with traditional herbal knowledge to create precision herbal therapies. This approach ensures that the selected herbs are not only effective but also safe for the individual based on their genetic makeup.

Herbal medicine is undergoing a transformation thanks to e-health platforms, which offer all-inclusive digital solutions for patient care, research and teaching. These platforms provide a range of features to help with individualized herbal treatments.
HerbList by NIH: An app created by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that offers details on the efficacy and safety of herbal products as supported by science.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Database: Online resources providing a wealth of knowledge about TCM herbs, including their applications, molecular makeup and therapeutic effects.
HerbMedPro: A reputable resource that offers access to empirical research on the health and therapeutic applications of herbs. Clinical study reports, pharmaceutical research and historical applications are all included.

An evidence-based source offering comprehensive details on supplements and herbs, including safety, clinical effectiveness and possible interactions (Table 5).

The analysis and optimization of herbal remedies are changing as a result of big data and artificial intelligence (AI).

Big Data Analysis: To find patterns and correlations, large datasets from clinical trials, patient records and herbal research are analyzed. This aids in anticipating patient reactions and comprehending the efficacy of herbal remedies.
AI Algorithms: Complex interactions between herbal substances and biological systems are analyzed using machine learning algorithms. AI is capable of forecasting treatment results, spotting possible adverse effects and recommending the best herbal combinations.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is used to extract useful information from unstructured data sources, such as clinical notes, research articles and patient comments. This allows for a thorough investigation of the effectiveness of herbal medicines.

Herbal remedies are becoming more accessible and personalized thanks to wearable technology and mobile health (mHealth) applications Table 6.

Herbpathy: An app that offers comprehensive details about different herbs, their applications and suggested dosages. Users can keep track of their symptoms and get recommendations for customized herbal remedies.
MyHerb: An app that tracks a user’s herbal intake; keeps track of health metrics and sends dose reminders.

Additionally, it offers instructional materials about herbs and their advantages.

Wearable Technology: Wearables such as fitness trackers and smartwatches keep an eye on vital signs including heart rate, sleep quality and activity level. Herbal remedies can be customized depending on current health information by integrating this data with mHealth apps.

Standardized formats and processes are necessary to facilitate the challenging process of integrating data from several sources, including genomic databases, electronic health records and patient-reported outcomes.

Interoperability: For complete patient care, it is essential that various e-health systems and devices be able to easily share data and communicate with one another.
Privacy Issues: A major worry is safeguarding patient data from breaches and illegal access, which calls for strong security measures and adherence to laws like GDPR and HIPAA.

Regulatory Framework: There are regional variations in the regulatory landscape for herbal medicine, which makes it difficult to standardize procedures and guarantee their quality and safety (Table 7).

Ethical Implications: It’s important to address concerns about informed permission, data ownership and the moral application of AI to decision-making. Clear information on the advantages and disadvantages of individualized herbal therapy should be available to patients.

Technological Advancements: Smooth data communication can be facilitated by creating sophisticated data integration platforms and interoperability standards. Blockchain technology can improve the integrity and security of data. Recommendations for Policy: Clear regulations for the use of herbal medicine within the context of individualized treatment should be developed by governmental and regulatory organizations. This entails harmonizing efficacy validation, safety testing and quality control.
Moral Principles: It’s critical to establish ethical standards for the use of AI and patient data in herbal medicine. Transparency, patient consent and the ability to refuse data exchange are all part of this.

Herbal medicine has advanced significantly with the integration of e-health informatics and network pharmacology, which provides a route towards more individualized and efficient treatments. E-health platforms and tools improve patient tracking, allow for remote consultations and make it easier to gather and process large amounts of health data. These features enable medical professionals to create individualized treatment programs based on real-time data and patient profiles.

This customisation is further supported by network pharmacology, which explains the intricate relationships that exist between biological systems and herbal substances. Through the utilization of big data and artificial intelligence, practitioners can enhance their ability to predict therapeutic outcomes, choose the best herbal compositions and reduce side effects. An additional degree of precision is added when genomic data is incorporated into the tailoring of herbal medicine, guaranteeing that treatments are not only successful but also in line with patients’ hereditary predispositions.

Realizing the full potential of individualized herbal remedies is a journey fraught with difficulties, though. It is necessary to solve issues with privacy, interoperability, data integration and regulatory compliance. Overcoming these obstacles requires strong ethical rules, established processes and technological improvements.

All things considered, the merging of network pharmacology and e-health informatics is turning traditional herbal therapy into a more empirical, data-driven field. This development has enormous potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of herbal treatments, which will eventually improve patient outcomes and promote a more all-encompassing approach to healthcare.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the leadership and the administration of KLEF University, for their continuous support and for providing the necessary resources and facilities that made this research possible.