Dendritic Cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the immune system, acting as sentinels that capture, process and present antigens to T cells, thus initiating and regulating immune responses. Activation of DCs stands at the forefront as they work as coordinators of the immune system, spotting and presenting microbe fragments to T cells, thereby commencing Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI). This review aims to trace the origin of DCs and find out what makes them stand out among other antigen-presenting cells. The research takes us into the DC mechanisms of activation that affect T-cell proliferation, especially in cancer pathologies. Participants are also outlined the possible effects of DC study related to the oncological treatments’ development. Briefly, discrimination based on the complex participation of DCs and T cells should pave the way for more potential interventions for improving immunotherapy and other diseases. In summary, dendritic cells are central players in orchestrating immune responses, including those against cancer cells. Understanding their biology and interactions with cancer cells is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
Histamine is found in a variety of bodily fluids, platelets, leucocytes, basophils and mast cells in the human body. Mast cells and circulating basophiles store the majority of histamine. Moreover, histamine functions as a neurotransmitter in a variety of cellular physiological processes, including the release of stomach acid, inflammation, allergic reactions and central and peripheral neurotransmission. Histamine is a substance produced by mast cells in the immune system, commonly associated with allergic reactions and their symptoms. Antihistamines are medications designed to counteract the effects of histamine released by the body during allergic responses. Antihistamines block the action of histamine, thereby reducing or alleviating allergy symptoms. The majority of allergic conditions stem from substances such as airborne pollens (from weeds, grass and trees), mites, cockroaches, house dust, animal fur and fungal spores etc., Herbal remedies are increasingly employed to address diverse ailments and enhance various conditions with minimal adverse effects. Antihistaminic effects can be evaluated using extracts from plants or synthetic medications.
Cancer is one of the world’s most prevalent causes of death; there is a constant need to find novel treatment medications with increased efficacy and reduced adverse effects. Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. These abnormal cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissues, impairing the normal function of organs. Cancer can develop in virtually any part of the body and may arise from various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors and infections. Purines are nitrogen-containing compounds that serve essential roles in biology, particularly in the context of nucleic acids and energy metabolism. They are heterocyclic aromatic organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. The two main purine bases found in DNA and RNA are Adenine (A) and Guanine (G). Purine analogues are synthetic compounds that structurally resemble purine nucleotides and are potentially harmful to the growth and survival of tumours due to their ability to impair key cellular activities. By concentrating on these crucial biological processes, purine analogues have the ability to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and eventually limit tumour formation as established by in vivo and in vitro tests. It talks about their potential as a broad-spectrum anticancer drug and highlights the methodical design strategies that were employed to boost their effectiveness. Purine analogues show promise as anticancer medications overall, but more research is needed to develop targeted cancer treatments.
In recent decades targeted drug delivery has obtained a significant interest for its ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects of the drugs. Among them, colon-targeting drug delivery systems have been extensively investigated for treating inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer and delivering therapeutic proteins and peptides for systemic absorption. The current CTDDS are based on pH-dependent and/or timedelayed dependent release to deliver drugs to the colon without absorption from the upper Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT). Although the pharmaceutical industry has achieved a significant advancement in developing effective CTDDS, it still depends on one-size-fits-all. Consequently, the drug release by this approach will be highly influenced by the unstable GIT pH and intestinal transient time that patients with inflammatory bowel disease frequently experience which may result in premature or delayed colonic delivery of the drugs. 3D printing is a new technology that can easily build up 3D objects based on computer-aided design, consequently, it can fabricate personalized or on-demand dosage forms. Using different 3D printing techniques, printing materials and software designs of the dosage form, 3D printing can exert a high degree of control over the dose and release profile of the drug. This review highlights the most recent applications of 3D printing in the development of the CTDDS focusing on the type of the 3D printing technology, design and pharmaceutical polymers and the drug release profiles.
Nanocochleates, lipid-based nanostructures inspired by the cochlea’s spiral structure, have developed as talented candidates for advanced drug delivery systems and therapeutic applications. Their special design, which consists of a spiral-shaped lipid bilayer, has several advantages, like excellent stability, biocompatibility and ability to encapsulate a variety of medications, ranging from small molecules to nucleic acids. An overview of nanocochleates is given in this abstract, emphasizing its adaptable characteristics and wide range of biomedical applications. Nanocochleates exhibit exceptional drug encapsulation efficiency, protecting the payload from degradation and enabling controlled release kinetics. This feature makes them suitable for delivering therapeutics with poor aqueous solubility, instability, or low bioavailability. Additionally, targeting ligands can be used to functionalize nanocochleates, allowing for site-specific drug delivery and reducing off-target effects. The efficacy and safety of some medications, including as antibiotics, gene-based therapies and chemotherapeutics, might be greatly enhanced by this specific approach. Nanocochleates have demonstrated potential in further biological uses beyond drug delivery. They can serve as platforms for vaccine delivery, enhancing the stability and immunogenicity of antigens while promoting robust immune responses. Furthermore, nanocochleates offer opportunities in diagnostics, regenerative medicine and cosmeceuticals, where their stability, biocompatibility and tunable properties can be leveraged for imaging, tissue engineering and skincare formulations. Overall, nanocochleates represent a versatile and promising class of nanostructures with broad applications in drug delivery and therapeutics. Continued study and progressive efforts are required to enhance their formulation, understand their biological interactions and translate them into clinical practice. With additional investigations, nanocochleates might completely change how drugs are delivered to patients and help create novel treatment plans for a range of illnesses.
In recent years, biomedical research has resulted in innovative methods for precisely altering genomes, advancing personalized diagnostics and therapeutics through genetic engineering. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat technique (CRISPR) is one of these techniques that have been developed to combat bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses and genetic abnormalities. Biosensors based on CRISPR/Cas have traditionally been used to detect nucleic acids, but their potential to detect small molecules and disease-associated proteins has yet to be explored. Recent discoveries about genes that bind to nucleic acids have revolutionized genome editing. Despite this, challenges remain with current genetic engineering techniques, including viral vector reliance, immunogenicity, insertion oncogenesis and retention of transgenes. Using tailored polymeric nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for CRISPR/Cas9 components provides promising avenues for improving safety and efficacy. Using a combined nanomedicine approach, nanotechnology integration and CRISPR/Cas systems may open new therapeutic avenues, enabling early disease diagnosis and selective therapy.
As it adds so many advantages to the finished formulations, excipient utilised in pharmaceutical dosage forms is a special and important ingredient that is just as important as the API. Improving API absorption and bioavailability, boosting organoleptic characteristics and filling the entire tablet are among the benefits. Nevertheless, choosing the right excipients remain taxing due to matters including the various attributes of excipients, incompatibility between API and excipient, moisture absorption capacity, surface acidity, crystal nature and production of hazardous excipients that are inferior, among other issues. The substantial toxicity of the excipient may have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the API and its dosage form. It can be the result of utilising several excipients that perform inconsistently. The pharmaceutical sector can address its excipient-related problems by embracing and enforcing cGMP, but this won’t stop the production process from being affected by the long, costly and laborious regulatory procedure. Co-processed excipients have multiple uses, thus when creating dosage forms, they might give formulation scientists something unique. An alternative and potential method for choosing and utilising an ideal combination of currently available excipients over the conventional excipients in the preparation of dosage forms is made possible by the need for co-processed excipients, the need for excipients to be co-processed, development techniques, risk and valuation studies, use and compliance with standards.
Health entrepreneurship has emerged as a dynamic force shaping the landscape of healthcare delivery, with a particular focus on the pharmaceutical sector. This mini-review aims to investigate and present success stories of health entrepreneurship in the pharmacy field within South Asian countries and to contribute valuable insights into the distinctive characteristics of health entrepreneurship in the pharmacy domain. The databases Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Academia were analyzed for articles published in English from January 2000 to May 2024 that involved success stories of the pharmacy field in South Asian countries. A comprehensive review of case studies, interviews and industry reports was also analyzed. The study delves into the entrepreneurial endeavors of individuals and organizations that have demonstrated notable achievements, innovations and sustainable impact in advancing healthcare solutions. It analyzes the strategies employed by successful entrepreneurs, the challenges they face and the unique solutions they devise to navigate the complex healthcare ecosystem. Furthermore, the key findings examine the role of government policies, regulatory frameworks and socio-economic conditions in fostering or hindering health entrepreneurship within different nations of the South Asian region. This mini-review also highlights the importance of private-sector engagement and the contribution of the respective government in fostering pharmaceutical entrepreneurship. This article provides actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders and aspiring entrepreneurs seeking to promote and sustain health entrepreneurship in South Asian countries.
Major molecular, physical as well as cellular changes inside their host tissues are enthused by the tumor cells. The evolving TME is an active and multifaceted system. The structure of the TME differs amongst the categories of tumor, although stromal cells, ECM cells of immune and blood vessels be included in the hallmark characteristics. It is supposed that the -TME is not only a quiet bystander, though slightly a vigorous cancer progression promoterij. Understanding the TME’s obscurity and how it influences the way dissimilar anticancer medicines, such as immunotherapies, react to patients has come an elongated way in the last 20 years. The cancer immunotherapy and cancer cells are recognised as well as slaughtered by the immune structure of the body. It has established promising handling outcomes in an array of solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies. Lately, the growth of Antigen-Chimeric T cells (CAR-T) plus tumor vaccines, as well as the blockage of PD-1 (Programmed Death-1), PD-L1 (Programmed Death-1 Ligand-1), along with PD-L2, (Programmed Death-2) have achieved recognition as immunotherapies. Tumor microenvironment is intimately associated with progression, metastasis as well as Tumorigenesis. Therefore in this review article we have discussed about tumor microenvironment, different cells present in it, such as immune cells, cancer cells, mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells as well as fibroblasts. The importance of ECM in the tumor microenvironment. The TME function, in the metastasis and progression of the cancer. The crucial part of TME in regulating PD-1 plus PD-L1 expression, challenges and future directions of targeting the TME for cancer treatment.
INTRODUCTION
The benefit of systemic Donepezil absorption by transdermal patches is that they avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism. They make it possible for drugs to be gradually and carefully released into the bloodstream through unbroken skin.
Aim
The purpose of this study was to use a central composite design to manufacture and describe transdermal patches containing Donepezil (DPZ).
Materials and Methods
Using a solvent-casting technique, PVP K30, HPMC K15, and modified chitosan were used to make the patches. The formulas were created using Design Expert software, which also produced a central composite design, which was used to examine how independent variables affected the result. The FTIR technique was applied to investigate DPZ-excipient interactions.
Results
The patches demonstrated good appeal and uniformity in thickness and content. The folding ability of the patches was more than 150, and the DPZ permeated from the patches was extended beyond 24 h in a controlled manner.
Conclusion
The study concludes that using HPMC K15 (125 mg) and PVP K30 (40 mg) with modified chitosan (65.9 mg) effectively facilitates the permeation for the extended period and flexibility of DPZ transdermal patches.
Background
Design synthesis of Acetaminophen-chalcone conjugates and finding the in silico studies and characterisation of compounds. Determination of biological activity mainly emphasise on Antibacterial activity. Chalcones are a group of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds that possess a wide variety of biological activities. It acts as precursor of several biosynthetic pathways in the production of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Chalcones shows activity mainly because of an enone pharmacophore in their structures.
Materials and Methods
Five chalcone derivatives were synthesised by using Claisen Schmidt reaction of appropriate Ketones or substituted Ketones with Benzaldehydes or Substituted Benzaldehydes in presence of Catalyst and Ethanol. The structure of synthesised analogs was determined by its Physico-chemical properties like Solubility, Melting point and thin layer chromatography followed by Spectral analysis IR, 1H NMR. This study provides an overview of an Antibacterial activity of Acetaminophen-Chalcone derivatives. In silico studies were performed on all compounds using Molinspiration, Protox, Swiss ADME softwares. This study aimed to investigate the potential antibacterial activity of Acetaminophen-Chalcone compounds using agar diffusion method.
Results
In this present work we designed five different Chalcone derivatives AS1, AV2, AA3, APC4 and APN5. In silico studies were analysed. Antibacterial activities of derived chalcones were screened for Escheria coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis.
Conclusion
APN5 drug shows broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against all the four bacterial strain and in all the respective concentrations.
Background
The study aimed to develop ocular films containing levofloxacin to treat conjunctivitis. These films were meticulously prepared using a combination of Gelatin, Aloe barbadensis leaves mucilage, and HPMC K4M, by the solvent casting technique, with the primary objective of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of levofloxacin for this specific eye condition.
Materials and Methods
A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to ensure the quality and reliability of the films, encompassing parameters such as film thickness, weight variation, content uniformity, percentage moisture loss, and absorption capacity. In addition, in vitro drug discharge studies were conducted to simulate the eye’s conditions and understand the controlled discharge of the drug. The study also considered the influence of polymer concentrations, on drug discharge using Design Expert software’s Box Behnken Design.
Results
Notably, the research revealed that the ocular films followed zero-order kinetics, meaning they discharged the drug at a constant rate over time.
Conclusion
Furthermore, the films demonstrated stability under ambient conditions, making them a promising alternative for prolonged drug delivery and improved therapeutic outcomes in conjunctivitis treatment
Background
Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) admitted patients have complex drug regimens, serious underlying diseases which increase the risks of Medication-Related Problems (MRP). The study aims to identify, characterize and determine the effect of clinical pharmacist proposed interventions on improving patient safety and cost of care by evaluating MRPs in MICU.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted for 8 months (April 2023 to November 2023) in the Department of MICU. Patients>24 hr of stay, consuming < 4 drugs and patients >18 years of age were enrolled in the study. A self-designed validated data collection form was prepared to collect patient details. The detected MRPs were mapped using the “Pharmaceutical Care Network European (PCNE) version 9.1”
Results
During the study period 705 patients were admitted to MICU out of them 382 were included. 489 MRPs were detected among 316 patients. MRP per patient was 1.54. The mean age was 62.78 years and disease per patient was 3.04. Most of the MRP were due to P1.1; No effect of drug treatment n=182 (37.22%). The major cause for the identified MRP was drug selection n=432 (34.28%). Majority of the interventions were planned at the drug level n=671 (50.93%), with an acceptance rate of 80.98%. Interventions accepted and fully implemented were 58.69%, Among these 74.64% of the problems had been resolved.
Conclusion
Integrating clinical pharmacist in the MICU team reduces the incidence of MRP, length of MICU and hospital stay and improves the patient’s health-related quality of life.
Background
By increasing drug stability and water solubility, cycle duration, rate of absorption into target cells or tissues, and reducing enzymatic degradation, Nano Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) improve the safety and effectiveness of drugs. The Sphingosomes have better drug retention properties and are significantly more resilient to acid hydrolysis. siRNAs are mostly used to silence post-transcriptional gene expression in cancer treatment. Doxorubicin is a known anticancer drug for lung cancer.
Materials and Methods
The study shows how to use a 32 complete factorial design to optimize a bcl2 SIRNA-doxorubicin-loaded sphiongosome for the treatment of lung cancer. The drug was aimed at reducing the toxicity of the drug and in the treatment of multiple drug-resistant tumors. Nano forms of Sphingosomes were prepared using the thin film hydration process, and optimization was carried out using 3
Results
The formulation was found to be spherical with an average diameter of 263.4 nm, PDI of 0.198, entrapment efficiency of 69.2, and -33.4 mV zeta potential. Results from TEM demonstrated the 200 nm particle size. DSC studies proved thermal peaks were in range. FTIR results of the physical mixture and the formulation were in the range and there was no physical incompatibility, According to serum stability, the formulation was resistant to nuclease digestion for 12 hr. The sterility test proved the formulation was sterile.
Conclusion
The outcomes show that the QbD technique in sphingosome creation can enhance the formulation process. The creation of the DOX siRNA sphingosome formulation can be optimized and rationalized with the use of cutting-edge design and development methodologies.
Background
Efavirenz is a widely used antiretroviral medication for managing HIV infection, known for its role as a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI). By targeting and inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme, it effectively hinders the replication of HIV, making it a crucial component of combination therapy for the virus.
Materials and Methods
The purpose of this research is to develop an accurate, selective and sensitive HPLC method for the regular quantification of efavirenz in laboratory settings. In this research, tert butyl methyl ether is used as a diluent and methanol is used as a mobile phase while the assay test involved analyzing the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and market formulations of efavirenz. EFZ was extracted from market formulations, diluted in tert-butyl methyl ether and analyzed using the developed HPLC method. The results indicated that the method accurately quantified EFZ in both the API and market formulations.
Results
The Separation process utilized using a (X-Bridge® C8 5 μm 4.6×250 mm), with mobile phase consisting of Methanol. The Flow rate was maintained at 0.8 mL/min and EFZ detection occurred at a wavelength of 252 nm, using a manual injection volume of10 μL and retention time was found to be 3.7 min. Linearity was examined and proven at different concentrations in the range of EFZ (2-64 μg/mL), respectively and correlation coefficient R
Conclusion
The developed HPLC method for quantifying efavirenz in pharmaceutical formulations is straightforward, accurate and reproducible. It satisfies all validation criteria, making it suitable for routine quality control and ensuring the consistency and safety of efavirenz products.
Background
GPCRs are among the most effective therapeutic target families. They have undergone a transition from ligand screening at random to knowledge-driven drug design. We are seeing first-hand the enormous strides lately achieved in our comprehension of their structure-function linkages, which have enabled medication development at a never-before- seen rate.
Materials and Methods
By merging two or more bioactive scaffold pharmacophores, drugs with increased effectiveness have been created by the molecular hybridization technique. In this case, the hybridization of different relevant pharmacophores with derivatives of phenothiazine has produced relevant compounds that interact with one or more targets and have a variety of biological functions. The phenothiazine system, which is often found in compounds with antipsychotic, antihistaminic and antimuscarinic properties, has actually been linked to a variety of activities that make the creation of novel medications or drug candidates based on this tricyclic system a potential strategy.
Results
The derivatives A1, A8 and A18 were found to be the most promising options because they showed the highest binding energies and a wide range of interaction types, such as pi interactions and hydrogen bonds, over various distances. A1, A8 and A18 in particular showed the highest binding energy. Superior binding affinities and a range of interaction mechanisms with the target protein were demonstrated by these derivatives, indicating that they have considerable potential as lead compounds for the development of therapeutic medications in the future.
Conclusion
The creation of phenothiazine hybrids is summarised in the current study report. Numerous derivatives with strong binding affinities and distinctive interaction patterns with the target protein were found, according to the molecular docking analysis. The creation of phenothiazine hybrids and their biological activity is summarised in the current study report. Numerous derivatives with strong binding affinities and distinctive interaction patterns with the target protein were found, according to the molecular docking analysis.
Background
It was a heterocyclic hydrocarbon whose molecular structure has some fundamental structural features. In this study, we synthesise eleven different imidazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives that have convulsive properties. Seizures can be divided into two categories: partial and generalised. While partial seizures occur when electrical activity spikes in only one area of the brain, generalised seizures involve aberrant electrical activity on both sides of the patient’s brain.
Materials and Methods
2-chloromethyl benzene; 1-phenyl methanone; 4-oxo-4-phenoxybutanoic acid; 1-phenyl ethanone; phenol acetate; 4-aminophenol; oxalic acid etc., were used for the synthesis. Every chemical was of the analytical variety. Add 1 g of phenytoin to the flask with a round bottom. To the 100 mL RBF, add 1 mL of glacial acetic acid and 3 amino phenols. Refluxing the reaction mixture, heat it for 2 hr at a temperature between 80 and 100°C. Add 10 mL of crushed ice to the reaction mixture to cool it down. Pour in more ice-cold water. Gather the product after filtering the reaction mixture.
Results
overall compounds had strong anti-convulsive properties against epilepsy. (BJ)-(scheme 1B); (BG)-(Scheme 1B): (BE)-(scheme 1B); (BN)-(scheme 1B); (BM)- (scheme 1B) had strong anti-convulsive properties against epilepsy.
Conclusion
Research examining the relationship between structural activity and activity has shown that compounds containing imidazolidine derivatives with an electron-withdrawing group exhibited higher levels of activity compared to those with an electron-donating group.
Background
Five-membered heterocycle with one neighbouring nitrogen atoms is present in the indole nucleus. Heterocyclic substances feature two adjacent benzene and pyrrole ring atoms. Indoles are heterocyclic compounds with one oxygen ring that have a benzoannelated-pyrrole ring. Indole derivatives are highly valuable chemical synthesis and medicinal intermediates. Recent years have seen a surge in interest in the effective synthesis of indole blocks and associated functionalization’s, particularly the alkylation of indoles. The two following factors will be the main emphasis of this research like recent advancements in the alkylation of indoles, namely those involving the N1-, C2- and C3-positions and the synthesis of indoles, which was facilitated by transition metals.
Materials and Methods
Benzoic acid and ethanoic acid, propionic acid, hydroxylamine, 2,5 Dichloro aniline are used for the synthesis of indole derivatives were used for the synthesis of indole
Results
Compared to indomethacin, the anti-inflammatory results for the substances or their derivatives like Compound N -[3-amino- 4-(5-chloro-1 H-indol-1 -yl)phenoxy]-4-aminobenzene-benzene-1,2-diamine:NA5 (Scheme 1B); N -[3-amino-4-(5-chloro-1 H -indol-1 -yl)phenoxy]-2-aminobenzene-benzene-1,2-diamine (NA6); N -[3-amino-4-(5-chloro-1 H -indol-1 -yl)phenoxy]-3-aminobenzene-benzene-1,2-diamine: NA7 (Scheme 1B) containing aromatic group.
Conclusion
Examined were the anti-inflammatory properties of the substances in the title and their derivatives. The compounds containing indole derivatives with an electron-withdrawing group have a higher activity than those containing an electron-donating group, according to research on the link between structure and activity. Summarising the data from the previously reviewed literature, we can say that indole has a broad spectrum of biological activity. Numerous opportunities exist to investigate indole for new therapeutic uses. Researchers worldwide will benefit from this study’s coverage of the chemistry of indole derivatives in the design and synthesis of new pharmaceuticals that might be utilised to treat a range of diseases.
Background
Xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase are enzymes involved in various functions in the body. Tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase have high activity levels in various diseases like gout hyperpigmentation and neurodegradative disease. In our study, we checked for the ability of locally available black and brown rice varieties to inhibit the two enzymes.
Materials and Methods
We carried out in vitro assay of the activity of the two enzymes in the presence of rice extracts. To identify the phytochemicals potentially responsible for inhibitory activity we carried out in silico docking investigation using Auto dock followed by molecular dynamics simulation analysis.
Results and Discussion
The in vitro assays showed reduction in the enzyme activity of xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase in the presence of the rice extracts. The molecular docking analysis showed that the major polyphenols of the rice extracts showed good binding with the two enzymes. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that catechin hydrate from black rice and β-sitosterol from brown rice showed steady binding with xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase respectively.
Conclusion
From our studies we can conclude that both rice extracts had inhibitory activity towards the enzymes and catechin hydrate and β-sitosterol could potentially be the compounds responsible for inhibition of xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase respectively.
Aim/Background
This research explores the pharmaceutical industry’s operations management, focusing on regulatory-based operation management for parenteral preparations.
Materials and Methods
The study utilizes a comprehensive review of literature and industry practices to examine the application of operations management in the pharmaceutical sector. It incorporates the concepts of Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma to elucidate the innovative techniques employed for minimizing waste and optimizing production processes.
Results
The findings highlight the significance of operations management in pharmaceutical manufacturing, particularly in ensuring the rapid and high-quality production of parenteral preparations. The study underscores multinational corporations’ successful implementation of operations management and alignment with Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma principles.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the research underscores the pivotal role of operations management in the pharmaceutical industry, offering novel solutions for total quality management and emphasizing the distinction between traditional and contemporary operations management.
Aim
The purpose of this study is to investigate how network pharmacology and e-health informatics affect the effectiveness and personalization of herbal treatments, while also discussing related issues and potential future developments.
Background
The field of traditional herbal medicine is undergoing a transformation due to the incorporation of technology. Treatment plan accuracy and customisation are being improved by e-health systems, data analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Insights into the intricate relationships between botanical substances and biological systems can be gained through network pharmacology, while genomic medicine allows for the customization of treatments according to individual genetic profiles. Notwithstanding the possible advantages, problems including data integration, interoperability, privacy issues and inconsistent regulations still exist.
Objectives
The purpose of this research is to determine how network pharmacology, genomic medicine and e-health informatics can improve the effectiveness and personalization of herbal therapies. It will look at how e-health systems help with data collecting, patient monitoring and remote consultations. It will also examine how network pharmacology helps to comprehend how botanical substances interact with biological systems in order to develop successful multi-target therapies. Additionally, the paper examines developments in genomic medicine that enable personalized treatment plans based on genetic profiles and suggests ways to overcome obstacles with data integration, interoperability, privacy and regulatory constraints.
Materials and Methods
To obtain information on the use of network pharmacology, artificial intelligence and e-health informatics in herbal medicine, a thorough analysis of recent case studies and literature will be carried out. The effectiveness, personalization and difficulties posed by these technologies will be the main topics of data analysis.
Results and Findings
According to preliminary research, e-health informatics greatly improves the precision and customization of herbal remedies. Effective multi-target medicines are made possible by the crucial insights that network pharmacology offers on the interactions of botanical chemicals and biological systems. Highly customized treatment programs based on unique genetic profiles are made possible by genomic medicine. Nonetheless, issues with privacy, interoperability, data integration and regulatory standards must be resolved.
Conclusion
Herbal medicine can undergo a revolution thanks to network pharmacology and e-health informatics, which will result in more individualized, secure and efficient therapies. Ethical standards, standard operating procedures and data security must all be addressed for these technologies to be successfully used and for equitable access to healthcare.
Background
Since ancient times, medicinal plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities have been utilized for relieving a variety of health problems. Individual herbs, however, are inadequate to provide the necessary therapeutic effect. It will have a greater therapeutic impact with less toxicity when tailored as a multiple herb mixture in a specific ratio. In Ayurveda, this combination of herbs is known as polyherbalism.
Aim
The current research aimed to create a polyherbal combination from extracts of Anogeissus latifolia (AL), Centella asiatica (CA), Curcuma longa (CL), Glinus oppositifolius (GO) and Soymida febrifuga (SF) in order to produce such a treatment. The locals in Chhattisgarh state use these chosen medicinal herbs to cure wounds.
Materials and Methods
Spectrophotometric techniques were used in this work to assess the wound-healing capability of the extracts and their polyherbal combination. The total polyphenols were optimized using Folin’s ciocalteu and aluminium chloride techniques. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH and FRAP tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using protein denaturation tests, whereas wound healing potential was determined using phenol-protein precipitation assays.
Results
All experiments yielded significant (p<0.05) findings from the extracts and their combinations, however aqueous extracts and their polyherbal mixes were shown to be superior to petroleum ether and methanol extracts and their polyherbal mixtures.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the studied polyherbal mixture is being employed for the different formulation processes as well as for further in vitro and in vivo research.
Background
Uncontrolled inflammation, however, adds to the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases even though it is a vital defense mechanism in health. Despite being necessary for reducing inflammation, anti-inflammatory medications have a number of negative effects. Thus, the purpose of the current work was to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of Arglabin (AGN), a sesquiterpene lactone that is isolated from Artemisia species and belongs to the guaianolide class. AGN, a renewable substance employed in the synthesis of novel chemicals, is one of the practically accessible sesquiterpene lactones.
Materials and Methods
Using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 as a model, we examined the anti-inflammatory properties of AGN by preventing the generation of mediators and cytokines that promote inflammation, as well as their ability to regulate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Using Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, we evaluated AGN anti-inflammatory effects using cytotoxic activity, Nitric Oxide (NO) assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Results and Discussion
AGN suppressed the generation of ROS and NO. It was shown that in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS, AGN decreased released pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, AGN at various concentrations up to 20 μM was not cytotoxic. Additionally, the data show that AGN reduces inflammation by suppressing Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
Conclusion
In summary, these findings indicate that AGN may serve as a drug for inflammation to treat severe inflammatory conditions by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and successfully reducing macrophage activation.
Background
A recent technique for characterizing Siponimod, a multiple sclerosis medication, was developed using Ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and spectrofluorimetric analysis.
Purpose
To optimize the amount of Siponimod in Pharmaceutical formulation by parallel methods assisted with response surface design and to validate the method as per ICH guidelines.
Materials and Methods
The UV absorbance and the fluorescence intensity were separately measured using the Cary 5000 double-beam spectrophotometer and the Cary Eclipse Spectrofluorometer. The Agilent C18 column was used for chromatographic separation and the mobile phase comprised of phosphate buffer and Acetonitrile at different concentrations. Using Digital Expert Stat-Ease -360 software, the response surface approach was used to optimize the methods’ variables using the Box-Behnken design. HPTLC determination was carried out using a Camag Linomet densitometric scanner.
Results
Wavelength maximums of Siponimod detected at 258 nm, the medication shows a chromatographic peak that is distinct and easy to interpret. There was a fluorescence excitation at 486 nm. The recovery percentage varied from 92% to 100% w/w with a relative standard deviation of less than 2. By ICH regulations, the procedures were confirmed and a transitional deterioration pattern was perceived while taking into account the medications’ stability in a forced stress environment.
Conclusion
It was discovered that the procedure was reliable and suitable for regular screening of Siponimod in bulk dose form as well as pharmaceutical formulation.
Introduction
Most studies of pharmaceutical consultation are aimed at assessing the satisfaction of visitors with the service provided, while its information part is not paid enough attention.
Purpose
The analysis of drug recommendations by pharmacy professionals in the context of “real” pharmaceutical practice.
Materials and Methods
A prospective study involving a “secret” simulated patient in pharmacy organizations in Khabarovsk (n=100). Statistical data processing (Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, factor analysis).
Results
For allergic rhinitis, xylomethazoline-based drugs are most often recommended. Various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are offered for back pain. In case of heartburn, antacids are most in demand and in case of constipation in a child of 3 years old-local irritating drugs. With a sore throat, local antiseptics were most often recommended, with a cold on the lips-preparations of acyclovire, for the prevention of colds-activators of synthesis of endogenous interferon. For the correction of insomnia, melatonine-based drugs and plant-based sedatives are preferred. In the case of nail fungus on the leg, drugs based on naphthifine are most often recommended, and in case of diarrhea of infectious origin, adsorbents and nifuroxazide.
Conclusion
In the considered situations, most of the recommendations of pharmaceutical specialists were justified, but often were symptomatic. To optimize and personalize the service provided, it is advisable to combine symptom therapy with etiotropic and pathogenetic.
Aim and Objectives
This study aimed to design and optimize Fast-Dissolving Buccal Films (FDBF) containing Hydralazine HCl, with the goal of developing an effective treatment for hypertension.
Materials and Methods
Solvent casting method was employed to prepare the films. Optimization focused on the effects of independent variables such as Pullulan, PVP and PG on the percentage of drug release and the disintegration time of the film, using a 23 factorial design. Polynomial equation analysis was used to derive equations from the results, effectively describing the influence of the independent variables on the selected responses. Three-dimensional surface plots are generated to depict the relationship between both variables and a design layout was developed for the optimized formulation using Design Expert software version 13.0 trial edition.
Results
The Optimized Formulation (OF) exhibited a rapid disintegration time of 48 sec, cumulative drug permeation at 70.3%, and excellent physicochemical properties and ex vivo drug release through goat buccal mucosa was 69.4%. The short-term stability test of the optimized formulation OF, performed according to ICH, indicated stability test at 30°C±2°C and 65%±5% relative humidity for one month.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that the developed formulation offers a novel dosage form that can enhance drug delivery, provide a quicker onset of action, and improve patient compliance significantly.
Background
The primary purpose of this research was to carry out the study of the Orally Dissolving Films (ODFs) of chlorpheniramine Maleate (CM). The films were formulated by solvent casting method. This research was also performed to evaluate the characteristics of the film and to examine the release kinetics of CM from the polymeric film.
Materials and Methods
The oral films were formulated utilizing polymers that include Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 15, and polyvinyl acetate. The combination of two polymers with Polyvinyl Pyrrolidine K-30 (PVP K-30) was used to optimize the drug release. The study utilized Citric acid as a saliva-stimulating factor, Mannitol as a sweetening factor and Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticizer. Water and methanol were used as solvents. The effect of film-forming polymers, film thickness on the physicochemical characteristics, and drug release from ODFs was determined. The CM ODFs were evaluated for specific quality control factors.
Results and Discussion
The ODFs passed all the tests. Among different batches, the F8 batch was found suitable which contains Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E15 with a combination of polyvinyl pyrrolidine K-30 to achieve low disintegration time along with good physicochemical properties. Formulation F8 releases 99% of the drug in 8 min. Stability studies revealed that formulations were stable.
Conclusion
These results suggested that the disintegration and drug release of Chlorpheniramine maleate could be controlled to a greater degree by optimizing the formulation variables in the formulation of CM ODFs.
Background
Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera), is an important agricultural pest, which is responsible for sizeable crop reduction worldwide. The traditional chemical insecticides are controlled this problem, often leading to environmental contamination, pest-resistant and killing on other non-targeted species. In present work, we fabricated a novel larvicidal system based on copper oxide (CuO)-Sodium alginate (SA)-Pluronic F127 (PF127) nanoparticles, aimed at controlling Helicoverpa armigera.
Materials and Method
The CuO-SA-PF127 NPs were synthesized green process. The synthesized NPs where characterization was employed by structural, optical, antibacterial and larvicidal bioassay.
Results
The CuO-SA-PF127 NPs were significantly controlling larvicidal activity, with positive mortality, when our increasing concentration also increased larvicidal activity and low toxicity to non-targeted organisms. Which is alternation for conventional insecticides.
Conclusion
The CuO-SA-PF127 NPs exhibits potential to killing the Helicoverpa armigera, offering a fascinated approach for integrated pest managements (IPM) strategies. This is a potential achievement for nanotechnology industrial applications for next-generation agrochemical and environmentally safety responsibility.
Background
In this exploration, the aim was to devise and delineate a nanoscale suspension of telmisartan directed at enhancing drug delivery efficiency.
Materials and Methods
The process entailed formulating telmisartan-loaded nanosuspensions through the solvent evaporation technique, followed by a comprehensive characterization using various analytical methods.
Results
Analysis via dynamic light scattering disclosed an average particle size of 285 nanometers along with a Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.374, indicating a uniform dispersion of particles. Transmission electron microscopy validated the existence of evenly dispersed spherical nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of expected functional groups within the formulation. Evaluation of zeta potential showed a negative value of -21.5±2.0 millivolts, suggesting favorable stability of the nanosuspension. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated an absence of significant interactions between the drug and accompanying components. Furthermore, in vitro drug release assessments showcased an initial rapid release of 14.8% from the optimized formulation F3 within the first 5 min, leading to a cumulative drug release of 98.2% over a period of 40 min.
Conclusion
Overall, the developed telmisartan nanosuspension exhibited promising characteristics, suggesting its potential for improved therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions.
Background
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women across the globe. Typically, it is treated by Cisplatin in combination with radiation therapy, which has side effects. We evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer potential of acetone and methanolic extracts of Asparagus racemosus in HeLa cells for exploring alternate therapy of cervical cancer.
Materials and Methods
Phytochemical analysis was done to identify key bioactive compounds, along with GC-MS profile in both acetone and methanolic extracts. In vitro evaluation of their antioxidant activity was done by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 -sulfonic acid) assays. Cytotoxicity studies using HeLa cells were assessed by MTT assay.
Results and Discussion
The FRAP assay indicated that acetone extracts exhibited greater antioxidant potential (0.407 to 2.950 in 100 to 1600 μg/mL) compared to methanol extracts (0.363 to 1.867 in 100 to 1600 μg/mL). The DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 4.46% to 59% in acetone extracts, while in methanol extracts it showed only 22.7% at 6400 μg/mL. ABTS scavenging activity was high in acetone (14.30% to 87.9%) compared to methanol (5.52% to 87.40%). In MTT assay, a dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed against HeLa cells in both acetone and methanol extracts (IC50 771.44 μg/mL and 768.44 μg/mL), respectively. The cell survival in acetone ranged from 87.1% at 100 μg/mL to 18.9% at 1600 μg/mL, while in methanol it was 89.3% to 15.4% at the same concentrations. These findings suggest that phytochemicals of A. racemosus can be potentially exploited as complementary therapeutic agents in cervical cancer treatment and warrants further research.