Submit Article Author Guidelines
Vol 15 Issue 1

In vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Acetone and Methanolic Extracts of Asparagus racemosus in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Lines (HeLa Cells)

Updated:31 Mins Read
Gopal Viraj Koundinya Vutukuru1, Gnaneshwar Reddy Kontham1, Kalyani Chepuri2, Pranitha Chittepu2, Harikrishna Kathuroju2, Geethikalal Vadakavila2, Uma Addepally2 and Sesha Srinivas Vutukuru2, *
Author informationCitations

1Department of Biotechnology, School of Technology, Gitam University, Vishakhapatnam, INDIA

2Centre for Biotechnology, University College of Engineering Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, INDIA

Corresponding author.

Correspondence: Dr. Sesha Srinivas Vutukuru, M.Tech., Ph.D. Guest Faculty, Centre for Biotechnology, University College of Engineering Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad-500085, Telangana, INDIA. Email: [email protected]

Author Notes

September 14, 2024; October 16, 2024; November 21, 2024.

Copyright and License information

Copyright ©2025 Phcog.Net
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Download PDF
Cite this Article
Read in Lens
Citations & Metrics

Citation

1.Vutukuru GVK, Kontham GR, Chepuri K, Chittepu P, Kathuroju H, Vadakavila G, et al. In vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Acetone and Methanolic Extracts of Asparagus racemosus in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Lines (HeLa Cells). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation [Internet]. 2024 Dec 5;15(1):303–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijpi.20250108
Copy to clipboard
Published in: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2025; 15(1): 303-312. Published online: 05 December 2024DOI: 10.5530/ijpi.20250108

ABSTRACT

Background

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women across the globe. Typically, it is treated by Cisplatin in combination with radiation therapy, which has side effects. We evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer potential of acetone and methanolic extracts of Asparagus racemosus in HeLa cells for exploring alternate therapy of cervical cancer.

Materials and Methods

Phytochemical analysis was done to identify key bioactive compounds, along with GC-MS profile in both acetone and methanolic extracts. In vitro evaluation of their antioxidant activity was done by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 -sulfonic acid) assays. Cytotoxicity studies using HeLa cells were assessed by MTT assay.

Results and Discussion

The FRAP assay indicated that acetone extracts exhibited greater antioxidant potential (0.407 to 2.950 in 100 to 1600 μg/mL) compared to methanol extracts (0.363 to 1.867 in 100 to 1600 μg/mL). The DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 4.46% to 59% in acetone extracts, while in methanol extracts it showed only 22.7% at 6400 μg/mL. ABTS scavenging activity was high in acetone (14.30% to 87.9%) compared to methanol (5.52% to 87.40%). In MTT assay, a dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed against HeLa cells in both acetone and methanol extracts (IC50 771.44 μg/mL and 768.44 μg/mL), respectively. The cell survival in acetone ranged from 87.1% at 100 μg/mL to 18.9% at 1600 μg/mL, while in methanol it was 89.3% to 15.4% at the same concentrations. These findings suggest that phytochemicals of A. racemosus can be potentially exploited as complementary therapeutic agents in cervical cancer treatment and warrants further research.

Keywords: Anti-cancer properties, Anti-oxidant, Array, He La cells, Array

INTRODUCTION

Phytochemicals from medicinally important plants have long been renowned as a vital source of therapeutic agents, and include alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, proteins, chlorophyll, phytosterols, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, and diterpenes, besides some minerals, vitamins and other crucial nutrients. These compounds are suitable to develop novel therapeutics due to their potent pharmacological activities.1 Recent advances in natural product research highlight a deeper understanding of the pharmacological effects of medicinal plants, emphasizing their potential in pharmacotherapeutic studies. This growing interest underscores the value of medicinal plants and natural product extracts as alternative therapies for a range of diseases.2

Human exposure to environmental toxicants and dietary xenobiotics generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and contribute to oxidative stress under various pathophysiological conditions.3 Free radicals are highly reactive, and their accumulation aggravate pathological conditions, resulting in mutations which increases cancer risk.4 In this context, antioxidants derived from natural sources have received significant attention in view of their potential to alleviate oxidative damage. Scientific evidence indicates that antioxidants from various medicinal plants with established anticancer, anti-mutagenic, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties are safe and efficient.5 Asparagus racemosus, commonly known for its use in traditional Indian medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, has been highlighted in both the Indian and British Pharmacopoeias. This plant is traditionally employed for its antioxidant and anti-stress effects. Its extracts were also used in ulcer treatment and wound healing.6–8 Extensive phytochemical analyses using analytical techniques such as GC-MS9 have identified key constituents like saponins, flavonoids and phenolic acids in A. racemosus that contribute to the plant’s medicinal properties.

The antioxidant properties of A. racemosus are well-documented, showcasing its efficacy in reducing oxidative stress through various mechanisms.10 Enhanced antioxidant capacity was reported in root extracts of the plant.11 Methanolic extracts demonstrated high free radical scavenging activity with substantial phenolic and flavonoid content.12 A recent review of the of the A. racemosus reported significant anticancer, antidiabetic anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiviral effects in animal and human studies underscoring its anticancer potential.13

Therefore, we analyzed the phytochemical profile of A. racemosus and evaluated its antioxidant and anticancer activities of acetone and methanolic extracts through in vitro assays, and the corresponding results are presented in this paper. We attempted to elucidate the therapeutic prospects of A. racemosus in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation particularly in human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa cells) by cytotoxicity studies (MTT assay). The outcome of this study helps to explore the potential application of A. racemosus extracts in developing alternative treatment strategies for oxidative stress-related disorders and cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of Plant Extracts

Asparagus racemosus powder was obtained from a local Ayurveda medical shop. Fifty grams of the dried powder was mixed with 150 mL of methanol (1:3 ratios) in a 250 mL conical flask. The mixture was incubated on an orbital shaker (Hicool make) for 72 hr. Subsequently, the extract was filtered, and 10 mL aliquots were transferred into 15 mL screw-capped test tubes for phytochemical analysis. A similar extraction process was performed with another 50 g of powder using acetone as the solvent.

Preparation of Stock Solutions for Antioxidant and Anticancer Assays

The remaining extract was dried in a porcelain dish for 5 days in the shade. The dried material was scraped and transferred into Eppendorf tubes (2 mL). A stock solution (100 mg/mL) was prepared in methanol, diluted initially to 20 mg/mL, and subsequently to 5 mg/mL concentrations. Working aliquots of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400 μg/mL were prepared from this stock to evaluate antioxidant activity. For anticancer assays, a 100 mg/mL stock solution was prepared in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). From this, 10, 20 and 40 mg/mL concentrations were prepared for the MTT assay.

Phytochemical Analysis

Phytochemical analysis of A. racemosus extracts was carried out to identify bioactive compounds using the protocols given hereunder. Saponins were analyzed by shaking 3 mL of the extract vigorously, and formation of stable foam indicates the presence of saponins. For phenols, 1 mL of the extract was taken and 2 mL distilled water and a few drops of 10% ferric chloride were added. The presence of phenols is indicated by blue-green or black color. Tannins were analyzed by mixing 1 mL extract with 2 mL of 2% ferric chloride, indicated by the formation of blue-green or black color. For terpenoids, 1 mL extract was mixed with 2 mL of chloroform followed by 2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid.

The presence of terpenoids is indicated by reddish brown color at the interface. Flavonoids were analyzed by mixing 2 mL extract with 1 mL of 2 N sodium hydroxide, indicated by yellow color. For glycosides, 2 mL glacial acetic acid containing 2 drops of 2% FeCl3 was mixed with the extract. The mixture was added into another test tube containing 2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid. The formation of a brown ring at the interface indicates their presence. To test alkaloids, a few drops of Mayer’s reagent were added to 1 mL of the extract. Yellowish or white color precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids.

GC-MS Profiling Protocol for Asparagus racemosus Extracts

The phytochemicals in A. racemosus extract (acetone and methanol solvents) was taken to Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad for GC-MS profiling (Agilent Technologies 7890B GC system with 5977A Mass Selective Detector (MSD)). The extract from each solvent was concentrated using a rotary evaporator to remove the solvent. Next, it was reconstituted it in hexane. To remove particulate matter, the reconstituted sample was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter. Then, 1 μL of the sample was injected into HP-5 capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness). The conditions used were: Helium (He) as carrier gas with a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection operation temperature was maintained at 200°C, while column oven temperature was programmed as 50-250°C at a rate of 10°C/ min injection mode. The MSD conditions were used: ionization voltage of 70 eV; ion source temperature of 250°C; interface temperature of 250°C; and mass range of 50-600 mass units. To identify the mass spectrum of the unknown phytochemicals, the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) with over 62,000 spectrum patterns of the known compounds was used for the interpretation on mass spectrum of GC-MS.9

Antioxidant Assays

In this study, the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) Assay14 was performed to assess the antioxidant potential of acetone and methanolic extracts of A. racemosus. Briefly, the methanolic plant extract (0.5 mL) from each of the working concentrations used (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 μg/mL) was added to 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 2.5 mL of aqueous potassium ferricyanide solution (1% w/v) in 5 test tubes. Control was also maintained with 0.5 mL of methanol and the above reagents without plant extract. Ascorbic acid was used as standard for comparison. The test tubes were placed at 50±2°C in water bath for 20 min and later they were cooled in running tap water and 2.5 mL of 10% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid was added. The tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min (REMI R 4 C), and 2.5 mL of upper layer of the solution was mixed with 2.5 mL of distilled water. To these tubes, 0.5 mL of freshly prepared ferric chloride solution (0.1% w/v) was added and mixed thoroughly. After 15 min of initial mixing, the extracts from each concentration were added into 96 well plates in triplicates along with control (ascorbic acid). The absorbance was measured at 593 nm in a Nanodrop (Multiskan).

DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Assay15 measures the ability of antioxidants to scavenge free radicals. The principle behind this method is the reduction reaction of ferric tripyridyltraizine complex to its colored form known as ferrous tripyridyltraizine complex in the presence of antioxidants. Briefly, 0.1 mM DPPH solution was prepared by dissolving 3.9 mg of DPPH in 100 mL of methanol, and the solution was kept in dark for 30 min. A volume of 100 μL of plant extract (acetone and methanol solvents) from each concentration used i.e. 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 μg/mL was mixed with 3.9 mL of freshly prepared DPPH solution. Control was also maintained with 100 μL of methanol and the above reagents without plant extract. Ascorbic acid was used as standard for comparison. After vigorous shaking, the test tubes were wrapped with aluminum foil and allowed to stand at room temperature in dark for 45 min. Subsequently, the extracts from each concentration were added into 96 well plates in triplicates along with control. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm in a Nanodrop (Multiskan).

 

 

To evaluate the antioxidant potential of A. racemosus extracts, ABTS assay16 was performed. ABTS radical cations were generated by reacting ABTS (7 mM) with potassium persulfate (2.45 mM) at 1:1 (v/v ratio) for 16 hr in room temperature in the dark (incubation). The ABTS solution was then diluted with PBS (pH 7.4) to obtain an absorbance of 0.70±0.02 at 734 nm. The diluted solution was referred to as ABTS working solution which is freshly prepared for each assay. Ninety microliters (90 μL) of ABTS working solution were added to 96 well microplates and absorbance was measured at 734 nm followed by 10 μL of standard and different concentrations of the plant extract (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 and 6400 μg/mL). The 96 well plates were placed in dark for 6 min for incubation and the absorbance was measured at 734 nm in Nanodrop (Multiskan). Ascorbic acid was used as standard reference.

Anti-Cancer Activity in HeLa Cells

HeLa cells (cervical cancer) were procured from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. The cells were grown under aseptic conditions in in T25 flasks containing RPMI 1640 growth medium augmented with serum. The flasks were incubated at 37°C in 95% humidified atmosphere enriched by 5% CO2. Later they were sub-cultured once in every 3-4 days depending on the confluence attained. All these cell culture experiments were conducted at Animal Cell Culture laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, University College of Engineering Science and Technology, JNTUH, Hyderabad.

Cell Seeding

The spent medium from T25 flask was discarded, and the adherent cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline. After trypsinization, the flask was incubated until cells were detached. Fresh medium (4 mL) was added to attain a single cell suspension. The cells were then counted for viability using a hemocytometer. For MTT assay, 500 μL of the cell suspension (2 x 104 cells) was seeded into each well of a 12-well plate containing 500 μL of fresh medium. Cell adherence and growth was allowed by incubating the plate at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 24 hr.

Cell Treatment

After 24 hr, the spent medium was discarded, and cells were treated with varying concentrations of the plant extract: 100 μg/ mL (5 μL extract+495 μL growth medium), 200 μg/mL (10 μL extract+490 μL growth medium), 400 μg/mL (20 μL extract+480 μL growth medium), 800 μg/mL (40 μL extract+460 μL growth medium), and 1600 μg/mL (80 μL extract+420 μL growth medium). A control was maintained by adding 500 μL of growth medium. The cells were incubated for an additional 24 hr, after which the morphological changes were observed using an inverted microscope (Olympus).

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity by MTT Assay

The MTT assay17 was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of plant extracts. The spent medium was removed from all wells of a 12-well plate, which were then washed with 500 μL of Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS). Subsequently, 500 μL of 0.1 mg/mL MTT reagent was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 1 to 4 hr in a CO2 incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2. After incubation, the wells were checked for the formation of purple formazan crystals, which indicated viable cells. Subsequently, the MTT reagent was discarded from all wells, and 500 μL of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. To ensure complete dissolution, the plate was shaken gently side-to-side and front-to-back. Aliquots from each well were then transferred to a 96-well plate in triplicate, and the Optical Density (OD) was measured at 540 nm using an ELISA reader.

The percentage of cell viability was calculated using the formula:

 

 

The Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values were determined by plotting the percentage of cell viability on the Y-axis against the concentration of the plant extract on the X-axis, from which the IC50 concentrations were interpolated. This approach provides a quantitative assessment of the cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts on HeLa cells.

RESULTS

Phytochemical analysis

In the present investigation, phytochemical analyses of A. racemosus extracts were carried out to identify various bioactive chemical constituents. Table 1 shows that A. racemosus has almost all-important phytochemicals like phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides and alkaloids in acetone and methanolic extracts with potential therapeutic effects. The GC profile of the phytochemicals in the acetone and methanolic extracts of A. racemosus was presented in Table 2. In acetone extract, compounds like diacetone alcohol (21.93%), oleic acid (10.19%), (2S*, Benzyloxy) methyl) propyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (pyran derivative) (7.34%), palmitic acid (6.40%), n-Octadecane (5.44%), Di-n-decylsulfone (5.12%) and smilagenin were present which are reported to possess antioxidant and anticancer properties. Other compounds like 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 5-heptamethyltrisiloxane, 4-butoxybutanol, cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 3-tridecyl ester, hydromethylsiloxane, trans-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3. beta-ol etc. were present in low amounts with no established pharmacological activity, and hence not presented.

 

Table 1:
Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in A. racemosus extract in acetone and methanol.

Plant extract Phytochemical test Result
Phytochemical Method Acetone Methanol
A. racemosus Saponins Foam test – –
Phenols FeCl3 solution + +
Tannins Lead acetate solution + +
Terpenoids CHCl3+conc. H2SO4 + +
Flavonoids NaOH solution + +
Glycosides Glacial acetic acid+FeCl3 solution+Con. H2SO4 + +
Alkaloids Mayer’s reagent + +

 

On the other hand, the methanolic extract of A. racemosus showed the presence of 5 hydroxy methyl furfural (12.83%) followed by 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (6.69%), heptyl caprylate (6.36%), dihydroxy acetone (6.25%), 6,6-Dideutero-Nonen-1-Ol-3 (6.08%) xanthosine (5.96%). Many other compounds like 1,4-Tetrabutyleneglycol monobutyl ether, 2-Deoxyribose, ethyltrimethylolmethane, 1-PROPANOL-O-D, Thiophen-2- methylamine, N-(2-fluorophenyl), maltol, cytidine, 2-Deoxy-D-ribose, glycerin, octanoic acid, hexyl ester were present in small amounts (Table 3).

 

Table 2:
GC-MS profile showing the phytochemical constituents of A. racemosus in acetone.

Sl. No. Compound RT Area % Pharmacological activity
1 Diacetone alcohol 4.526 21.93 Anti-proliferative and antimicrobial activity.18
2 Oleic acid 21.159 10.19 Anticancer activity.19
3 (2S*,1’S*)-2(1’ ((Benzyloxy) methyl) propyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one 27.266 7.336 Pyran derivatives show anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial effects.20
4 Palmitic acid 19.454 6.404 Promising anti-tumor agent with demonstrated efficacy against gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis.21
5 n-Octadecane 27.179 5.435 Used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emollient and a thickening agent.
6 Di-n-decylsulfone 27.024 5.176 Antimicrobial and anticancer.22
7 9,12-Octadecadienoicacid(Z, )- 21.114 5.151 Antitumor and antioxidant properties.23
10 Octadecanoic acid 21.338 2.210 Antitumor properties.24
15 Smilagenin 34.369 1.607 Steroidal saponin with anticancer activity.25

 

RT= Retention Time.

 

 

Table 3:
GC-MS profile showing the phytochemicals of A. racemosus in methanol.

Sl. No. Compound Retention Time Area % Pharmacological activity
1 5 hydroxy methyl furfural 10.944 12.83 Cytotoxic and antioxidant property.26
2 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone 16.643 6.69 No anticancer activity.
3 Heptyl caprylate 27.794 6.36 Cytotoxic compound.27
4 Dihydroxyacetone 5.639 6.25 Cytotoxic and antioxidant.28
5 6,6-Dideutero-Nonen-1-Ol-3 14.888 6.08 Cytotoxic and antioxidant property.29
6 Xanthosine 14.523 5.96 Anti-tumor activities.30

 

Antioxidant assays

Table 4a explains the dose-dependent ferric reducing antioxidant potential of A. racemosus. In acetone extract, it was ranging from 0.407 in 100 μg/mL to 2.950 in 1600 μg/mL, while in methanolic extract it ranged from 0.363 in 100 μg/mL to 1.867 in 1600 μg/ mL. The antioxidant activity was relatively more effective in acetone solvent compared to methanolic solvent.

Phenolic compounds potentially regulate signaling pathways related to cancer and moderate key signaling pathways involved in cancer, including the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways which are crucial for cell survival and proliferation. They induce apoptosis by upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins like Bax and downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2.21 Phenolic compounds inhibit cancer proliferation; induce cancer cell death, by disrupting the tumor vasculature.31 Tannins exhibit antioxidant activity predominantly by chelating metal ions and prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species. Their ability to bind and precipitate proteins also contributes to their anticancer effects by inhibiting enzymes involved in cancer progression.21 Terpenoids effectively scavenge free radicals and exert anti-cancer effects by modulating various signaling pathways in carcinogenesis.32 Other phytochemicals like flavonoids, glycosides and alkaloids observed in the present study, were also reported to exert similar mechanisms cited above in cancer therapy.

From Table 1, A. racemosus has important phytochemicals that have potential therapeutic effects in cancer treatment. Therefore, we evaluated their antioxidant and anti-cancer activity using He La cells, in pursuit of alternative treatment strategies for cervical cancer. The phytochemical profile of the acetone and methanolic extracts of A. racemosus was presented in Table 2. In acetone extract, compounds like diacetone alcohol (21.93%), oleic acid (10.19%), (2S*, Benzyloxy) methyl) propyl)- 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (pyran derivative) (7.34%), palmitic acid (6.40%), n-Octadecane (5.44%), Di-n-decylsulfone (5.12%) and smilagenin were present which are reported to possess antioxidant and anticancer properties. For instance, high amounts of diacetone alcohol (>80%) was reported33 in the extracts from three cyanobacterial species (Anabaena oryzae, Oscillatoria sp. and Stigonema ocellatum). These extracts showed high toxicity 49.1, 56.7 and 59 μg/L against MCF-7 cell line, respectively, establishing the cytotoxic effect of diacetone alcohol against human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Probably, the presence of high concentration of diacetone alcohol observed in the present study (21.93%) and IC50 value of 771.44 μg/mL suggests that this compound could have induced cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.

Recent reports suggest that oleic acid-rich oils play a critical role as a hydrophobic substrate in the biological production of sophorolipids, a class of glycolipid bio surfactants with anticancer activity.19 Previous research also highlighted the anticancer activity of these compounds against a variety of human cancer cell lines such as acute monocytic leukemia, THP-1, cervical carcinoma HeLa, colon carcinoma HCT 116, lung adenocarcinoma A549, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7, pancreas PANC-1, and squamous carcinoma A431.34 In our study, presence of oleic acid (10.19%) was observed next to diacetone alcohol. We hypothesize that oleic acid could play a role in the synthesis of sophorolipids that have anticancer activity. This observation was in accordance with an earlier study35 who investigated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of sophorolipids to human cervical cancer cells.

Figure 1:
MTT assay results in different concentrations (μ g/mL) of acetone extract.

Figure 2:
MTT assay results in different concentrations of methanol extract.

In our study, GC-MS profile shows the presence of (2S*,1’S*)-2- (1’-((Benzyloxy)methyl) propyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (7.34%). Whilst research on its specific anticancer activity may be limited, anticancer potential of similar compounds in pyranone family suggests its possible role in combating cancer. Presence of palmitic acid (6.40%) could also play a key role in cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells. The anticancer activity of palmitic acid was highlighted in a latest study36 which reported that palmitic acid inhibits endometrial cancer cell proliferation and invasion, by increasing the formation of cellular lipid droplets, which in turn reduces tumor growth. Palmitic acid has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis in human neuroblastoma and breast cancer cells.21 In our study, the acetone extract contained n-octadecane (5.44%) which could contribute to the anticancer activity. Previous research also demonstrated the antioxidant properties and anticancer activity of octadecanoic acid.23 Similarly, octadecenoic acid (n-Octadecane) and its methyl esters prevented tumor growth in HeLa cells.24 Antimicrobial and anticancer activity of Di-n-decylsulfone was also reported.37 From Table 2, the acetone extract of A. racemosus has phytochemical constituents with established anticancer and antioxidant activities. The cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in the present study could be attributed to the presence of these compounds.

On the other hand, GC profile of the methanolic extract of A. racemosus showed the presence of 5 hydroxy methyl furfural (12.83%) followed by 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (6.69%), heptyl caprylate (6.36%), dihydroxy acetone (6.25%), 6,6-Dideutero-Nonen-1-Ol-3 (6.08%) xanthosine (5.96%), and many other compounds in small amounts (Table 2). The cytotoxic and antioxidant property of the above compounds was established against different types of cancers.26,27,30 In our study, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract of A. racemosus could be due to presence of the above compounds.

In the present study, FRAP activity was relatively more effective in acetone solvent compared to methanolic solvent (Table 4a). A. racemosus consistently demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship between the concentration of plant extracts and their ferric reducing power, establishing its antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity could be due to the plant’s rich phenolic content. It is well known that phenolic compounds effectively scavenge free radicals and reduce metal ions. These findings support the medicinal use of A. racemosus in dealing oxidative stress-related conditions, including cancer.

The DPPH scavenging activity of A. racemosus in acetone range from 4.46% at 400 μg/mL to 59% at 6400 μg/mL concentration. On the other hand, in methanol solvent, the plant extract could only scavenge 22.7% even at 6400 μg/mL concentration (Table 4a). These results when compared to ascorbic acid (Table 4b) indicate that methanolic extract could not scavenge DPPH radical effectively. This suggests that acetone is more efficient solvent for extracting antioxidant compounds from A. racemosus compared to methanol, which could be attributed to acetone’s ability to dissolve a wider range of polar and non-polar compounds, including various antioxidants.

From Table 5, the acetone extract of A. racemosus showed an IC50 value of 5416 μg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, which is notably higher compared to L-ascorbic acid (378.32 μg/mL), a well-known antioxidant. On the other hand, methanolic extract could only scavenge up to 23% even at 6400 μg/mL. The high IC50 value of the acetone extract specifies that a higher concentration of this extract is required to achieve 50% DPPH scavenging activity compared to L-ascorbic acid. Although A. racemosus exhibited significant antioxidant activity, it is less potent compared to L-ascorbic acid. These results are in alignment with earlier research38 which supports the concept that acetone extracts are more potent than methanol extracts.

In ABTS assay, the initial scavenging activity of the methanol extract was low which indicates that it takes more time to extract the antioxidant compounds compared to acetone. However, both solvents demonstrated a dose-dependent upsurge in scavenging activity at high concentrations. This suggests that both extracts contain equal amounts of active antioxidants, and the methanol extract eventually matches the acetone extract’s performance at higher concentrations (Table 5). This underscores that maximum scavenging potential can be attained with sufficient concentration of phytochemicals in the plant.

The dose-dependent antioxidant activity suggests that higher concentrations of the acetone extract showed significant antioxidant effects, which could be due to presence of potential phytochemicals observed in this investigation (Tables 1, 4a and 4b). In our study, the IC50 value of A. racemosus is 2149 μg/mL in acetone and 2880 μg/mL in methanol compared to L-ascorbic acid (215 μg/mL). Overall, the higher IC50 values for the acetone and methanol extracts of Asparagus racemosus illustrate that higher concentrations of extracts are required to achieve 50% ABTS scavenging activity compared to L-ascorbic acid.

In the present study, the anticancer activity of A. racemosus in both acetone and methanol solvents was evaluated by MTT assay using HeLa cells. The plant extracts in both solvents demonstrated significant dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on HeLa cell lines, validating their potential as anticancer agents. The cell viability in acetone extract was maximum 100 μg/mL (87.1%) and a significant decrease (18.9%) was observed at 1600 μg/mL. Similar trend was also observed in methanol which exhibited 89.3% cell viability at 100 μg/mL which decreased to 15.4% at 1600 μg/mL (Figure 1a and b). The IC50 values for the acetone and methanol extracts were 771.44 μg/mL and 768.38 μg/mL, respectively (Table 6), underlining the comparable cytotoxic efficiency of the two solvent extracts against HeLa cells. These findings advocate that both extracts of A. racemosus comprise phytochemicals with good anti-proliferative effects on HeLa cells. Previous studies have emphasized the potential of flavonoids, terpenoids, and other phenolic compounds in A. racemosus to its anticancer activity.39 The findings of our study supported by earlier reports accentuates the therapeutic potential of A. racemosus in cervical cancer treatment.

 

Table 7:
Cell viability at different concentrations of A. racemosus in acetone and methanol extract compared to standard anticancer reference drug Cisplatin.

Sl. No. A. racemosus extract Concentration (μg/mL) % Cell viability IC50 (μg/mL)
1 Acetone 100 87.10±0.32 771.44±1.26
200 75.09±0.19
400 62.03±0.63
800 40.07±0.54
1600 18.80±0.38
2 Methanol 100 89.32±0.51 768.38±1.54
200 73.68±0.87
400 62.18±0.56
800 43.30±0.34
1600 15.39±0.26
3 Cisplatin 5 70.08±0.35 23.98±0.21
10 61.45±0.42
20 50.87±0.78
40 25.37±0.39
80 18.13±0.43

 

(*Values are expressed as the mean±standard deviation (n=3)).

 

Although the results of our present study are encouraging, more research is required to isolate and identify the specific compounds responsible for the observed cytotoxicity which can be used as adjuvants in cancer therapy. Moreover, studies on the mechanistic aspects could provide deeper understanding into how these extracts induce cell death in cervical cancer cells. The potential therapeutic application of A. racemosus extracts in cervical cancer treatment requires further investigation.

CONCLUSION

This study convincingly demonstrated the antioxidant and anticancer properties of A. racemosus. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay demonstrated that acetone extracts of A. racemosus exhibited superior ferric reducing potential compared to methanol. Similar trend was observed in DPPH scavenging activity, wherein acetone extract showed a significant increase compared to methanolic extract. The ABTS assay results demonstrated a maximum scavenging activity of up to 87.9% in both the extracts.

In terms of anticancer activity, A. racemosus exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against HeLa cells, with dose-dependent increase in cell mortality. The observed cytotoxic effects are putative due to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These findings suggest that A. racemosus holds substantial promise as a therapeutic agent and could potentially augment the cancer treatment strategies. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and optimize its application in cancer therapy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors thank Dr. V.V. Swarajya Lakshmi, Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology for GC-MS profiling of the phytochemicals in A. racemosus extracts.

FUNDING

This study was conducted intramural and not externally funded by any agency.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

Ethics approval was not sought as the study is conducted in vitro using commercially procured cell lines. Consent to participate is not applicable since study does not involve any animal/human participation.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no competing financial/ personal interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

ABBREVIATIONS

GC-MS Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy
MTT assay 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay

References

  1. Harish K, Sivasankaran SM, Manoharan S. Indian medicinal plants with multiple pharmacological efficacies: A comprehensive review. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2024;14(1):143-54. [CrossRef].
  2. Miller AR, Brown TJ. Exploring medicinal plants and natural product extracts as alternative therapies: current perspectives and future directions. J Nat. Prod Res. 2023;45(7):1054-72.
  3. Kurella BR, Venkataramanaiah R, Narayanappa R, Vutukuru SS, Kunnel SG. Alleviation of hexavalent chromium induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster using leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Bacopa monnieri. J Environ Biol. 2024;45(4):381-90. [CrossRef].
  4. Ramos DJ, Gupta RS. The impact of free radicals on cellular mutations and cancer development: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cancer Res Ther. 2024;56(2):245-62.
  5. Khan T, Ali M, Khan A, Nisar P, Jan SA, Afridi S, et al. Anticancer plants: a review of the active phytochemicals, applications in animal models, and regulatory aspects. Biomolecules. 2020;10(47):30 pp. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  6. Rashid U, Mahmood S, Zahid A. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of tannins: an updated review. Antioxidants. 2023;12(6):1456.
  7. Biswas D, Mathur M, Malhotra H, Bhargava S, Malhotra B. Anticancer activity of Asparagus racemosus root extracts in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Asian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018;4(6):764-70. [CrossRef].
  8. Prabhath KG, Satish KM, Rajput R, Patil V, Udupa AL. Wound healing profile of Asparagus racemosus (Liliaceae) Wild. Curr Pharm Res. 2011;1:111-4.
  9. Saraswathi K, Sathishkumar T, Muthusamy K. Antiulcer activity of Asparagus racemosus Linn. in experimental models of ulcerogenesis. Pharmacogn Res. 2020;12(4):365-70.
  10. Agarwal S, Dixit A, Prakash R, Srivastava A. Comparative study of antioxidant activity of root of Asparagus racemosus in different solvents. J Ultra Chem. 2019;15(5):50-3. [CrossRef].
  11. Raja W, Jan T. Antioxidant potential of methanolic root extract of Asparagus racemosus Linn. Int J Creat Res Thoughts. 2020;8(3).
  12. Behera B. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Asparagus racemosus in experimental models. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;9(3):1120-6.
  13. Guo Y, Liu Z, Wan Y, Zhang Y, Abdu HI, Yang M, et al. Literature analysis on asparagus roots and review of its functional characterizations. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1024190. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  14. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Methods Enzymol. 1996;299:15-27.
  15. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol. 1995;28(1):25-30. [CrossRef].
  16. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(9-10):1231-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  17. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65(1-2):55-63. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  18. Ceyhan Güvensen NC, Keskin D, Güneş H, Kesik Oktay M, Yıldırım H. Antimicrobial property and antiproliferative activity of Centaurea babylonica (L.) L. on human carcinomas and cervical cancer cell lines. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(2):290-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  19. Velappan B, Nagarajan V, Narayana Murthy V, Arumugam S, Kandukalpatti Chinnaraj V. Oleic acid-rich waste fleshing oil as a secondary carbon source for the synthesis of sophorolipids. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. 2023;42(5). [CrossRef].
  20. Suma A, Ashika B, Roy CL, et al. GC-MS and FTIR analysis on the methanolic extract of red Vitis vinifera seed. World J Pharm Res. 2018;6:106-13.
  21. Wang L, Wang Y, Zhou X. Role of phenolic compounds in regulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways for cancer prevention and treatment. J Cancer Res Ther. 2023;19(3):345-55.
  22. Karthi S, Vinoth kumar M, Karthic U, et al. Biological effects of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. extracts on physiological, biochemical, and antimicrobial activities against three challenging mosquito vectors and microbial pathogens. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020;27:2325-36.
  23. Reza AS, Haque MA, Sarker J, Nasrin MS, Rahman MM, Tareq AM, et al. Antiproliferative and antioxidant potentials of bioactive edible vegetable fraction of Achyranthes ferruginea Roxb. in cancer cell line. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(7):3777-805. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  24. Yusuf AO, Abu T, Nzeribe EA, Festus Chukwuemeka Onwuliri, Ethel IhemjiabaEkam, EnePatriciaEjembi, et al. Anti-cervical cancer potentials and GC-MS analysis of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Origanum vulgare Linn. extracts. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2023;23(3):120-7. [CrossRef].
  25. Kashyap P, Muthusamy K, Niranjan M, Trikha S, Kumar S. Sarsasapogenin: a steroidal saponin from Asparagus racemosus as multi-target directed ligand in Alzheimer’s disease. Steroids. 2020;153:108529. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  26. Al-Baadani WA, Al-Samman AM, Anantacharya R, Satyanarayan ND, Siddique NA, Maqati AA, et al. Cytotoxicity effect and antioxidant potential of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) analogues: an advance approach. J Phytol. 2024;16:114-20. [CrossRef].
  27. Bazaid AS, Alamri A, Almashjary MN, Qanash H, Almishaal AA, Amin J, et al. Antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antibiofilm properties and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of Manuka honey: a nature’s bioactive honey. Appl Sci. 2022;12(19):9928. [CrossRef].
  28. Smith KR, Granberry M, Tan MC, Daniel CL, Gassman NR. Dihydroxyacetone induces G2/M arrest and apoptotic cell death in A375P melanoma cells. Environ Toxicol. 2018;33(3):333-42. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  29. Wiraswati HL, Fauziah N, Pradini GW, Kurnia D, Kodir RA, Berbudi A, et al. Breynia cernua: chemical profiling of volatile compounds in the stem extract and its antioxidant, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, and anticancer activity in vitro and in silico. Metabolites. 2023;13(2):281. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  30. Sridharamurthy NB, Yogananda R, Mahamood R. Effect of root extracts and isolated compounds of Xanthium strumarium L. on ascites carcinoma in mice. Res J Pharmacol Pharmacodyn. 2011;3(4):158-67.
  31. Lopes-Coelho F, Martins F, Pereira SA, Serpa J. Anti-angiogenic therapy: current challenges and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(7):3765. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  32. Rajasekar N, Sivanantham A, Ravikumar VR, Rajasekaran S. An overview on the role of plant-derived tannins for the treatment of lung cancer. Phytochemistry. 2021;188:112799. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  33. Seddek NH, Fawzy MA, El-Said WA, Ragaey MM. Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities and characterization of bioactive substances from freshwater blue-green algae. Glob Nest J. 2019;21:9 pp.
  34. Nawale L, Dubey P, Chaudhari B, Sarkar D, Prabhune A. Anti-proliferative effect of novel primary cetyl alcohol derived sophorolipids against human cervical cancer cells HeLa. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0174241. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  35. Li H, Guo W, Ma XJ, Li JS, Song X. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of sophorolipids to human cervical cancer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2017;181(4):1372-87. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
  36. Zhao Z, Wang J, Kong W, et al. Synergistic anticancer potential of selenium nanoparticles with bioactive compounds against cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2024;84:126089.
  37. Vijayakumari J, Raj TL. GC-MS analysis of secondary metabolites from acetone and chloroform extract of Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. Int Res J Biol Sci. 2019;8(9):39-43.
  38. Bhalodiya MD, Chavda JR, Patel NK, Patel AI, Manek RA. Evaluation of solvent extraction process for Asparagus racemosus root extract through the determination of its phenolic content and antioxidant activity assay. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021:5108-14. [CrossRef].
  39. Benil PB, Nimisha P, Arokiyaraj S, Rajakrishnan R, Alfarhan A, AlAnsari A. Antitumour and anti-haematotoxic activity of Asparagus racemosus L. total dissolved solids in co-administration with cyclophosphamide in mice. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2020;32(5):2582-9. [CrossRef].

Related Posts